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MONEYДата публикации: 01.02.2017 19:18
MONEY
Money never starts an idea; it is the idea that starts the money. W.J. Cameron (1879-1953), spokesman for Henry Ford
LEAD-IN
PRE-TEXT EXERCISES
A. Reading drills Ex.1. Revise the reading rules of the following letter combinations ir / ur/ er; ow/ ou; ee /ea and read the words: firm, thirdly, circle, circulate; return, further, furthermore, purchase; serve, service, transfer, convert, emergence; decree, redeem, irredeemable; easily, cheap, means; nowadays, powerful, countable, amount, account, cowrie
Ex. 2. Practice reading the words with qu. qu [kw] quarter, quota, quote, quotation, quit, quarrel, liquidity, acquisition; [k] technique, unique,cheque,picturesque, grotesque, queue
Require, qualified, questionable, unique,liquid,queue, quality, quantity, technique
Ex.3. The letters in bold are silent in the following words. Read the words accurately. p /b receipt, psychology, debt, plumber, doubt, climb k before n: know, knowledge, known, knee, knight, knit, knob, knock g before n at the beginning or at the end of a word: sign, resign, design, reign,gnat t often after s: fasten, castle, listen, bristle, glisten, whistle, rustling h honour, honourable, honest, hour, hourly gh after i, au, ou and before t: sigh, sightseeing, brightly, highlight; taught, caught; brought, sought, thought but at the beginning of a word, these letters are read as [g]: ghost, ghosting, ghetto, ghastly w wholesale,wholly, whose, answer, wrap, wreck, wrong, written
Debtor, highlighter, reign, honesty, soften, doubting, listening, answerphone, well-known, hustle, firefighter, whistle, Knightsbridge, walk, ghostwriter, climbing, knot, sight, bought, ghastly, knees, fought, resign, sigh, island, iron, government.
Ex. 4. Read the words in the groups below. Pay attention to the word stress. a) words with the stress on the first syllable: ancient, attribute, asset, barter, constitute, counterfeit, cumbersome, diamond, dominant, effort, iron, medium, measure, mechanism, origin, output, perishable, precious, privacy, purchase, relatively, standard; b) words with the stress on the second syllable: coincidence, commodity, convenient, convertible, criterion, decree, determine, divisible, economy, economist, effect, emergence, essential, millennium, occur, percentage, possess, society, simplicity, spontaneous, withstand; c) polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress: characteristic, electronically, evolutionary, introduction, independently, irredeemable, organization, representative.
Ex. 5. Read these two-syllable words. Pay attention to the change of the word stress.
Ex.6. Now, read the sentences with some of the words from Ex.5.
B. Word formation Ex. 7. Make up adverbs by adding the ending - ly to adjectives. Model: adjective + - ly = adverb e.g. usual→ usually; happy - happily Absolute, eventual, easy, exact, immediate, independent, normal, original, particular, preferable, smooth, universal.
Ex. 8. Form verbs by adding the ending – ize/-ise to the following nouns and adjectives. Model: noun/adjective + -ize (ise) = verb e.g. American → Americanize Legal, industrial, modern, national, neutral, popular, private, rational, visual; author, apology, computer, hospital, stability, symbol, sympathy
Ex.9. What is the difference between these words? Compare the suffixes –er/or and –ee. Addresser – addressee, consigner – consignee, dedicator – dedicatee, donor – donee, employer – employee, endorser – endorsee, inspector – inspectee, inviter – invitee, nominator – nominee, payer – payee, vendor – vendee.
Ex.10. Form nouns by adding suffix -ee to the verbs below. Translate these words. Model: Absent - absentee, etc. Examine, interview, license, mortgage, refer, train, trust.
TEXT A: MONEY AND ITS ROLE IN THE ECONOMY
Active Vocabulary
What is money? Why do we use money at all? In order to better understand the concept of money and get an answer to these questions, let us turn to the origins of money and examine its principal functions. To begin with, money is the result of a long evolutionary process. Before there was money, people living in primitive societies used barter as a means of exchanging goods and services, and it worked quite well. However, as time went by and society advanced, the volume and range of goods and services expanded. Eventually, bartering became very complicated and cumbersome. It was money that solved the basic problems created by barter - ‘indivisibility’ and ‘coincidence of wants’. The emergence of money was spontaneous. No king, government or person created money. It came into being through barter, and evolved independently in different parts of the world. The oldest recorded use of money dates back to ancient Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq) about 4,500 years ago. Originally, money took the form of commodity money or money with its own value as a good. It means that the commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity. In fact, any commodity used as a medium of exchange is commodity money. At different times different commodities were used as money: iron and bronze, cattle and fish, furs and skins, cowries and precious metals, specifically gold and silver. Gold coins are examples of commodity money because gold is worth something as a commodity, not just as a monetary unit. Over time other types of money came into use: representative, fiat money, credit money, etc. The system of commodity money in many instances evolved into a system of representative money which refers to paper currency backed by a government or bank’s promise to redeem it for a given weight of precious metal (gold or silver). During the late 19th and early 20th century, most currencies were examples of representative money. Money of this type was based on the gold standard, and, in theory, could be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold. For example, the US dollar was convertible to gold until 1934. Currency that is found today in most countries is fiat money. Unlike representative money, fiat money is not backed by any commodity, and is absolutely irredeemable. It serves as legal tender by a government decree, or fiat which means in Latin ‘let it be done’. “Legal tender for all debts, public and private” is written on the US dollar. The value of fiat currency is based merely on trust that people will accept it in payment for goods and services and that its value will remain relatively stable. A prime example of fiat money is the new international currency - the euro. The introduction of the euro changed the face of money, superseding many of the world's oldest currencies. Whatever the type of money, it should be judged on how well it performs its major functions: (1) a medium of exchange, (2) a measure of value, and (3) a store of value. As a matter of fact, money is what money does.
Money is a medium of exchange Firstly, money is the mechanism that enables parties to make an indirect exchange of goods and services. In a money economy, if you want to buy or sell something, you don’t need to find someone who has what you want and who wants what you have. Money effectively eliminates the problem of a double coincidence of wants by serving as a medium of exchange. It is easily accepted in all transactions, by all parties, regardless of whether they desire each others’ goods and services. What is important, money transmits value through space. In a barter system, this is very difficult because transfer of large items and perishable goods makes moving around rather problematic. Money is a measure of value or a unit of account Secondly, money is the benchmark for measuring value of goods and services. If you want to buy a mobile telephone, you don’t need to calculate how much tobacco or honey will be necessary to buy it. Instead, you see the product’s price, set in terms that everyone can understand, and you immediately know how cheap or expensive it is, comparing that value to other products. Money is a store of value Thirdly, money acts as a store of value for future use or for storing wealth. By saving money, you are able to spend some now and some later. In this way money transmits value over time. This couldn’t occur in a barter economy because not all commodities could be stored for future use. Some items wereperishable and subject to decay while others might die. Food items, expensive spices, fine silks, oriental rugs, etc. could not be suitable for use as money. Note: In the time of high inflation or political instability, money may not be a good store of value. Money is a means of liquidity In addition to these three functions of money, economists often point out the fourth criterion – a means of liquidity. Liquidity describes the ease with which an item can be traded for something that you want, or into the common currency within an economy. Money is the most liquid asset because it is universally recognised and accepted as the common currency. It has a big advantage over other assets. It can be used immediately to purchase goods and services while converting gold, diamonds, or a house into cash takes time and effort. In this way, money gives consumers the freedom to trade goods and services easily without having to barter. In a modern society, money has several basic characteristics:
easily carried from place to place. Paper money has proved highly convenient in this regard.
However, it is not only the physical durability that matters. Of no less importance is its social and institutional durability. People are willing to accept money in payment for one good because they are confident that they can use it at a later time for some other good or service. It works as a medium of exchange precisely because it stores value from one transaction to another. And this requires durability. While government-issued paper currency might remain physically intact for centuries, its ability to function as money depends on the institutional durability of the government.
Money that is easily duplicated ceases to be a medium of exchange. Modern money takes two primary forms: cash, which is paper currency and metal coins, and cheques (Am. checks). Banknotes and coins are commonly used for small person-to-person transactions. Cheques, debit cards and wire transfers are used as a means of transferring larger amounts of money between bank accounts more easily. Electronic money is non-physical currency that is traded and used over the Internet. The percentage of money moved electronically is growing dramatically these days. To summarise, money is any commodity or token used by society as a medium of exchange, a measure of value and a store of value. The invention of money is probably one of the most important inventions in the world. Money helps to bring simplicity and organisation to our economy. Without the use of money, trade would be reduced to barter. Money makes it easier to trade, borrow, save, invest, and compare the value of goods and services. Thus, money may be regarded as a keystone of modern economic life. Despite predictions of a "cashless society" relying on electronic payments, the public demand for currency continues to grow. Debit cards used for purchases and transaction records could greatly reduce the need for cash, but paper currency still has the advantage of privacy. Will the present forms of currency last or change eventually? Only time can give the answer.
Language notes: As time went by and society advancedthe volume and rangeof goods and services …– У силу того, як час ішов і суспільство розвивалось, обсяг і асортимент товарів і послуг …
It was money thatsolved the basic problems… – Тільки з виникненням грошей вдалося вирішити основні проблеми … Зворот ‘It is … that’ використовується для того щоб виділити найбільш важливе в реченні, надати йому більшу емоційність. При перекладі зазвичай використовують слова «саме», «це», «тільки» .
The oldest recorded use of money dates back to ancient Mesopotamia ... – Історично, перше використання грошей зафіксовано у давній Месопотамії ... Whatever the type of money, it should be judged on how well it … – Якого б виду не були гроші, оцінювати їх потрібно за тим наскільки добре вони …
Despite predictions of a "cashless society" relying on electronic payments, the public demand for … – Незважаючи на прогнозування «безготівкового» суспільства, яке засноване на системі електронних платежів, попит на …
has the advantage of privacy – … мають перевагу конфіденційності; without having to barter – … не використовуючи бартер; a prime example – відмінний/чудовий приклад
cowrie – a small yellowish-white shell with a fine gloss, used by various peoples as money. It is abundant in the Pacific and Indian oceans, and is collected in the Maldives and the East Indian islands, in Siam, and on parts of the African coast. It was used in China as a medium of exchange in primitive times, and also in Bengal. It is still so employed in Africa, and in the countries of Further India.
VOCABULARY FOCUS
Ex.1. Find the English equivalents in the text. Співпадання потреб, товарні гроші, представницькі гроші, кредитні гроші, нерозмінні паперові гроші, банкноти і монети, золотий стандарт, у якості посередника, виконувати функції засіб обміну, міра вартості, засіб накопичення (засіб збереження вартості), рахункова одиниця, еталон вимірювання, ліквідний засіб, законний платіжний засіб, єдина валюта, переказ (грошей), банківський рахунок, гарний приклад, наріжний камінь.
Ex.2. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and phrases. The concept of money, the origins of money, the emergence of money, the most essential attribute, general characteristics, solve the basic problems, a range of goods, coincidence of wants, precious metals, perishable goods, any commodity or token, a monetary unit, the value of currency, a fixed amount of, difficult to counterfeit, evolve (into), in payment for, for this purpose, the gold standard, electronic payments.
Ex. 3. Give three forms of the following verbs. Find the sentences with these verbs in the text. Become, begin, buy, find, get, give, grow, keep, let, make, overcome, pay, sell, speak, spend, take, tell, understand, withstand.
Ex. 4. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.
Ex. 5. Find in the text the words which go in pair with: currency, barter, exchange, money, function, value, duplication. You can add other word collocations. Give examples either from the text or of your own.
Model: currency → national/international, local/foreign, weak/stable/hard currency, the single European currency e.g. A stable currency means that your savings do not diminish in value. You can always convert euro into your local currency.
Ex.6. Choose the appropriate word or phrase from the list below to complete the sentences.
Ex.7. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition or adverb.
Ex.8. Look through the text again and replace the words/phrases in italics with similar ones.
Ex.9. Choose and combine two parts logically to make complete sentences.
Ex.10. Translate intoEnglish.
LANGUAGE SKILLS
Ex.11. Ask questions to which the following may be answers.
Ex.12. Answer the following questions.
Ex.13. Choose the best variant from a, b, с to complete the statements. Explain your choice. 1. Money is ______________. a) the same as income. b) the value of all coins and currency in circulation at any time. c) anything generally accepted as a final payment for goods and services. 2. As a store of value, money _____________. a) is not affected by inflation. b) is easily stored until some future time. c) simplifies the process of trading
Define which is odd. 1. Money serves as _____________. a) a medium of exchange. b) a unit of account. c) a shelter of value. d) a store of value. 2. Modern money is _____________. a) portable b) divisible c) durable d) easy in duplication e) recognisable and willingly acceptable.
Ex.14. Read one of the versions regarding the origin of the word “money” and reproduce it in English. Moneta, a name related to the goddess Juno За однією з версій, слово ‘money’ пов’язано з іменем богині Юнони Провісниці (Juno Moneta). Згідно з міфами Стародавнього Риму, богиня Юнона попереджала про небезпеку, давала гарні поради. Римляни (the Romans) були так вдячні богині, що побудували їй храм. Вони називали богиню Юнона Монета, оскільки латинське слово ‘moneo’ означало «попереджати». За легендою, у часи особливого безгрошів’я Юнона порадила римлянам вести війну справедливо, і тоді з'являться гроші. Саме з цим епізодом пов'язують той факт, що перший в історії Риму державний монетний двір (mint) був розташований у храмі богині Юнони Монети, а гроші, які там відливали, стали називатися монетами. Сама ж богиня Юнона стала для римлян берегинею фінансів. З часом, латинське слово ‘moneo’ трансформувалося в англійське ‘money’, а ‘moneta’ - в англійське слово ‘mint’.
Ex. 15. Make a presentation of the topic “Money”.
Writing
Ex.16. Write a plan for a summary of Text A.
Ex.17. Write a brief summary of the text.
Ex.18. Write an essay (100 – 150 words) about a) the history of money; b) principal functions of money; c) essential characteristics of modern money.
Discussion points Ex.19. Discuss the following:
- borrow it from a member of your family, your friend or a colleague, - try to get a loan from a bank or - use another source?
Ex.20. Read the following proverbs, sayings and quotations about money. Which do you like best? Express your viewpoint. 1. Time is money. Benjamin Franklin, Am. statesman and philosopher, 1706-1790
Ex. 21. Choose the answer and test yourself. Then write two or more questions to add to the quiz below and ask your partner to answer them. 1. Do you know how much cash you have with you at the moment? a. I know exactly. b. I know approximately. c. I don’t know at all. 2. How do you spend your money? a. I often spend more than I earn. b. I spend less than I earn and even manage to save a little. c. I always try to spend as much as I earn, in other words, I stick to my budget. 3. Do you normally check a. your receipts when shopping? b. your change? c. prices in several shops before you buy something? 4. What would you do if your friend or colleague borrowed some money from you for a short period of time and forgot to pay it back? a. I would say nothing. b. I would remind them politely that they owe me money. c. I would do a kind of trick on them and ask to lend me a small amount of money. 5. If you got a big sum of money as a present, would you
TEXT B: A GLIMPSE OF THE AMERICAN, BRITISH AND EURO CURRENCIES
Before reading the text, answer the following questions: 1. What country has the motto "In God We Trust" inscribed on their banknotes? 2. Do you know any other country, besides the USA, where the dollar is used as legal tender? 3.The United Kingdom is a member state of the European Union. Does this country use the euro as the official currency?
Ex.22. Scan through the text and give headlines to its main parts and paragraphs. As we know, most countries in the world have their own monetary system and their own national currency. Though the United States, Canada or Australia use dollars, these dollars are different and they circulate only in the countries for which they are created. If people need to sell or buy foreign currency for their local currency, they normally do it at banks or at special exchange offices, often called simply exchange. (1) ______________________.
The U.S. monetary system is based on the dollar ($1.00). There are 100 cents in a dollar. The most commonly used U.S. coins are the quarter (25 cents), dime (10 cents), nickel (5 cents), and penny (1cent). (2) __________________. Many Americans don't like to carry much cash and use traveller's checks (printed pieces of paper that you sign and use as money when you are travelling) are a good idea for visitors. You won't have to carry large amounts of cash with you. Moreover, traveller’s checks can be replaced if they get lost or stolen. In the United States, only small transactions are made with currency and coins, and the total spending done in this form is less than 1% of all transactions. For larger transactions, (3) _______________. Writing checks is becoming less and less important as people increasingly use electronic transfers to make purchases.
Note: There are also other countries where the U.S. dollar is used as their official currency. The process is known as official dollarization. For instance, in 2000 Ecuador and in 2001 El Salvador adopted this currency independently. In some countries, the USD is accepted, though it is not officially regarded as legal tender. (4) _______________. Many stores in Canada also accept the U.S. dollar. In Cambodia, the USD circulates freely and is even preferred to the local currency. A chain of examples can be long.
The official currency of the United Kingdom is the pound sterling, which is equal to 100 pence. There are banknotes of the following denominations: ₤5, ₤10, ₤20, ₤50 and ₤100. English banknotes are issued by the Bank of England. (5) _______________ . The coins in circulation are halfpenny, one penny, two pence, five pence, ten pence, fifty pence. The pound sterling has traditionally been among the highest-valued base currency units in the world. Today it is the fourth-most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the US dollar, the euro, and the Japanese yen.
Note: As a member of the European Union, the United Kingdom has the option of adopting the euro as its currency. However, the idea of replacing the pound with the euro has been controversial with the British public because of its identity as a symbol of British nationalism.
The euro (currency sign: €; banking code: EUR) is the single currency shared by the European Union’s Member States, which together make up the euro area. About 330 million EU citizens who live in 17 euro area countries now use it as their currency and enjoy its benefits. It is also used, either formally as legal tender or for practical purposes, by other countries such as close neighbours and former colonies. The euro was launched in 1999. First it was introduced as an accounting currency for cashless payments and accounting purposes, while the old currencies continued to be used for cash payments. Since 2002 the euro has been circulating in physical form, as banknotes and coins. There are €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, € 200 and €500 banknotes. Euro banknotes increase in size with increasing denominations. The paper used for euro banknotes is 100% pure cotton fibre, which improves their durability as well as imparting a distinctive feel. The design of euro banknotes includes several characteristics suggested in co-operation with organizations representing blind people. These characteristics aid people who are visually impaired and those who are entirely blind. The euro today has become the second most important international currency after the dollar. Apart from making travelling easier within the EU, a single currency makes economic and political sense. The framework under which the euro is managed underpins its stability, contributes to low inflation and encourages sound public finances. A single currency is also (6) ______________________. Using a common currency increases price transparency, eliminates currency exchange costs, facilitates international trade and gives the EU a more powerful voice in the world. (7) ________________. Last but not least, the euro gives the EU’s citizens a tangible symbol of their European identity.
Ex. 23. Read the text. Choose the best sentence or part of the sentence A-G to fill each of the gaps 1-7. Do not use any letter more than once. A. Exchange rates for various currencies are determined by numerous factors and, they change every day. B. a logical complement to the single market and contributes to making it more efficient C. people use their checking account balances, either writing checks or spending these deposits with debit cards or automatic payments. D. The first sterling notes were issued by the Bank soon after its foundation in 1694. E. They can be used in almost any coin-operated machine: clothes washers and dryers, pay phones, and vending machines dispensing food, drinks, stamps, tickets, newspapers, etc. F. The size and strength of the euro area also better protect it from external economic shocks, such as unexpected oil price rises or turbulence in the currency markets. G. In Mexico, particularly, on the territory of major tourist zones, it is accepted as if it were a second legal currency.
Ex.24. Read the text again. Decide whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
Ex. 25. Answer the following questions. Refer to the text if needed.
Ex. 26. Say what you know about the monetary system in GB and the USA.
Now check your answers to the questions given before Text B.
TEXT C: A BARTER WAY OF DOING BUSINESS
Before reading Can you anticipate what arguments the author will use in favour of a barter way of doing business nowadays?
Reading The article you are going to read is written by Charlotte Baxter, a subeditor of The Guardian. The author brings up for discussion a project of a barter way of doing business. (1) Exchanging goods and services without cash is becoming a way of life in parts of Greece. But does it work on a smaller scale?
Here are some baby clothes ... can you fix my washing machine? (2) Bartering is back. Well, of course the direct exchange of goods and services championed by Aristotle never went away, but in these straitened times, old practices are being reinvigorated using modern tools. (3) As the main form of exchange, it's a bit of a palaver. Imagine going to the market looking for a sack of grain, you have to exchange your two chickens for a small pig, swap that for a nice shrubbery and take it to a local grain farmer who just happens to be doing up his garden. Currency was always going to look more appealing. (4) But barter still has its place alongside the mainstream, particularly in the midst of an economic crisis. A shortage of cash or an unstable currency can drive alternative local economies – barter schemes are becoming a way of life in parts of Greece and time banks, in which people exchange units of their own time instead of money, have exploded in popularity with the unemployed in parts of Spain. (5) According to the International Reciprocal Trade Association (IRTA), governments such as China, France and Ireland are considering launching state-sponsored barter schemes. Bartercard, a bartering organisation for small and medium enterprises, has more than 35,000 members and many companies have exchange mechanisms in place. The IRTA says that 30% of business worldwide is done on a barter basis – Mercedes Benz bartered buses for bananas in a deal worth $65m, and Pepsico had a long-running Russian deal in which it swapped cola for Stolichnaya vodka. (6) But does it work on a smaller scale? Say, I need to find someone to fix my washing machine. LETs schemes, which focus on the exchange of labour, always seemed like a useful sideline to the formal monetary system – but after 30 years of service they are in decline. There's a limit to what a city-dweller working in the "knowledge economy" (in which you use your head, not your hands) can offer their local plumber, and these community schemes work on the basis of credits that people often find difficult to use. As a subeditor, I could proof-read your novel, perhaps, or check the punctuation on your advertising hoarding. It's not in quite the same league as an electrician's ability to prevent your untimely death by toaster. (7) And what about using all those baby clothes in the loft? Several websites facilitate exchanges - Craigslist, U-Exchange and Gumtree have thriving barter markets. One new site, One Fair Market, focuses solely on direct trade. Swap oranges for shoes, it suggests, perhaps rather optimistically. The site is still in its infancy, but it's a good example of the way the internet is offering international reach to local exchanges, reinvigorating the concept in the process. (8) Most modern barter systems involve some form of currency, or credit, substituted for money, avoiding the main problem with direct exchange – finding someone with grain who wants chickens. But what U-Exchange calls "reciprocal barter" (direct exchange), can offer better value for local schemes as you are directly swapping goods of far higher worth to each individual – once the goods are pooled, their value declines relatively. Kyle Macdonald famously turned a paperclip into a house by trading up, but as one barter fanatic points out, trading up in pure monetary terms isn't really the point – it's to acquire something that has more value to you personally than whatever you're selling. (9) This means, advocates suggest, that you always do better than if you'd just sold it for cash. And then there's the personal touch, the idea that you're cutting out big business to exchange directly with your fellow man in an ancient ritual that helps you feel closer to your community. (10) Some might advocate getting rid of money altogether but I think the cash genie might prove a little too vast – I'll settle for offering all my old baby gear to someone … Any new parent plumbers out there? Guardian.co.uk, 4 January 2013 After reading
Task 1. Discuss what Charlotte Baxter meant saying that “bartering is back again.” (para. 1) Task 2. The author of the article considers that “a shortage of cash or an unstable currency can drive alternative local economies – barter schemes are becoming a way of life.” (para.4) Do you share her viewpoint? If not, why? Task 3. Divide into groups of advocates and opponents of the idea of doing business by bartering and discuss the matter. Ask questions, agree or disagree with your opponent, argue in favour of your position.
The following is given to you as an example.
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION On the phone
Look at the following pictures. What do you think symbolizes Britishness?
Is there anything more British than red telephone boxes? Like giant red soldiers, they have been a landmark for a lifetime.
Read the words and expressions in the box below. Can you add anything else to this list?
Ex.1. Read the telephone numbers. 097 577 4261, 067 732 0455, 863 451 2779, 340 366 7875, 831 6745, 561 5775 Say numbers separately. Make a pause between groups. Say oh for 0 if you are in the UK and zero in the USA. Say double seven for 77, double five for 55, etc. You write You say 037 801 6233 oh-three- seven eight-oh-one six-two- double three
Ex.2. Work in pairs. One student asks the caller for his telephone number and area code, the other student responds. Can I take your number, please? – Sure. It’s _______________. What is the code for Ukraine/Great Britain/the USA? – It’s ______. The code for Kyiv is 044, right? - Yes, it is.
Ex.3. In pairs, read the mini-dialogue. Then make up your own telephone talk and role-play it. Inquiring about the telephone number Operator: Information.* Can I help you? Mr. Dodge Could you please give the telephone number of the sales department at ABC Electronics? Operator Just a moment, sir. The number is 357 34 52. Mr. Dodge Three-five-seven three-four fifty-two. Is it right? Operator: That’s right. Mr. Dodge Thank you very much.
* In business, the telephone is answered by giving the name of the firm.
Ex.4. Study the structure of a business telephone talk. As a rule, phone communication includes the following:
Ex.5. Put the following extracts of telephone calls into the correct order. - Just a moment, Mr. Berston, I’ll put you through. - Oh, good morning. Could I speak to Mr. Larson, please? - My name is Paul Berston. I’m from Plant Installation Limited. - Yes. Who’s calling, please? - ABC Electronics. Good morning. Can I help you?
- He’s got it, but just in case, it’s 097 253 466. - Yes, could you ask him to call me back? - Mr. Dorsan here. Could I speak to Mr. Shelton, please? - Yes, of course. Could I have your number? - I’m afraid he’s out at the moment. Can I take a message?
Ex.6. Look at the language used in telephone communication. It is not always the same as when we are face to face with a person. Compare:
Now read the following and choose the phrases you think appropriate and correct for telephone conversation. Sometimes two variants are possible.
a. Let me talk to Mr. Croft. b. Can/Could I speak to Mr. Croft, please?
a. May/Can I help you? b. What do you want?
Ex.7. Choose the correct response.
Ex. 8. Identify and correct the mistakes in the sentences and substitute those which are not appropriate for a telephone conversation.
Ex. 9. Fill in the missing remarks. Refer to the box of useful language if necessary. a) - Rockline Safety Equipment. Good morning. Can I help you? - _________________________________________ - Yes. Who’s calling, please? b) - _________________________________________ - Oh good morning. Can I speak to Mr. Benson, please? - _________________________________________ - This is Mathew Brown, from GST Systems. - Right, Mr.Brown. I’ll ________________________ c) - Sorry, Madam. Mr. Roberts is not available. - _________________________________________ - No, thank you, I’ll call back later. d) - Just a minute. I’ll see if he is in. Sorry, he is in the middle of a meeting now. Could he call you back? - _________________________________________ e) - I’m sorry. I can’t hear what you’re saying. Could you speak up, please? - _________________________________________ f) - Sorry, Charles. I’ve got to go and see someone. - OK. ____________________________________ g) - Nice talking to you. See you on Friday. - Thanks for ________________________________ h) - I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong number. - _________________________________________ - That’s all right.
Ex.10. Complete this telephone conversation and then role-play it. Secretary: Good morning, Somerset Industries. Mr. Gross: Hello. _______________________________________. Secretary: I’m sorry. She’s not in. Would you like to leave a message? Mr. Gross Yes, ____________. This is _______________________. Secretary: Is that C-R-O-S-S? Mr. Gross: No, it’s ________________________________________. Secretary: All right. Mr. Gross: Please tell her the meeting __________________________. Secretary: I see. Wednesday at _______________________________. Mr. Gross: Right. And would you ask her _______________________. Secretary: 356 40 31. Yes, Mr. Gross. I’ll give Ms Jones the message. Mr. Gross: _______________________________________________. Secretary: Goodbye.
Ex.11. Practice making telephone calls. Refer to the box of useful language. Situation 1 Student A: You are a client of the Central Bank PLC and you have a problem with your account. Introduce yourself. Say you want to speak to the manager and why. Don’t leave a message. Say you’ll call back later.
Student B: You arethe receptionist at the bank.Answer the phone. Apologise to the caller and say that the manager’s line is engaged. Offer him/her to leave a message. Say goodbye.
Situation 2 Student A: You are the switchboard operator at Columbia Sportswear. Ask who is calling and say that Mrs. Palmer is not in. Take a message if necessary.
Student B: You want to speak to Mrs. Palmer in the Sales Department of Columbia Sportswear. If she is not available, leave a message to say that you will call again at 2 p.m.
Situation 3 You took delivery of ten telephone handsets. You have been trying them out and have found that two of them are faulty: one has a cracked receiver; the other always dials wrong numbers. Phone your supplier and complain. You want a replacement or refund. Find out how soon they can let you have the replacements.
Situation 4 A buyer from the Romanian Construction Machinery firm calls the Production Manager of the British engineering company JCB about a recent order. JCB have sent them the wrong spare parts.
Useful Language Box
Ex.12. Fill in the forms with the information about who called your boss or colleague while they were out.
GRAMMAR
DETERMINERS
Ex.1. The first determiner in the following text is underlined. Find more determiners. The main advantage of living in a city is that there are so many things to do in your free time. There are cinemas, theatres, sports centres and stadiums. But most people who prefer the country say that it is much more relaxing than the city. They say that they do not worry about any crime, and that they enjoy breathing clean air every day. I am sure that all these advantages are true, but I think I would get bored after only a few days. I hate both the traffic noise and air pollution of the city, but I can tolerate with it if it means I can spend all day shopping, then go to the cinema and a night club in the evening. What is there to do in the country? Going for long walks in the fields, surrounded by trees and cows is not my idea of a good time!
How many have you found? Which of them are the most frequent?
Ex.2. Choose the correct form of the pronouns in brackets. 1. (Their, theirs) knowledge of the subject is not much better than (our, 2. I'm afraid they will follow (her, hers) advice not (your, yours). 3. This is (your, yours) note-book. But where is (my, mine)? 4. Mind (yours, your) own business and I'll mind (my, mine). 5. Mr Smith gave his wife a leather bag for (her, hers) birthday. 6. After all, this is (mine, my) home just as much as (your, yours). 7. My sister likes so much sugar in (her, hers) tea, but I like little in (my, mine).
Ex.3. Fill in the blanks with missing possessives, either adjectives or pronouns (my-mine, your-yours, etc). 1. This doesn't look like ________ suitcase, it must be ________ . 2. Tell him not to forget ________ ticket, she mustn't forget ________ either. 3. Tell me, isn't that___________ ________ mother over there? 4. I see that he has lost ________ pen, perhaps you can lend him ________ . 5. Jane has come from Manchester to see me, ________ family and ________ school friends. 6. Sorry, it’s ________ task, and I’m not going to help you. 7. Why do you want to use ________ car? Where is ________ ? 8. Michael and me can’t go to the seaside together because ________ holiday starts two weeks after ________ . 9. I wish ________ English was as good as ________ . 10. Unfortunately, _______ team played better than ______, so we lost the game.
Ex.4. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model. Model: They are our friends. → They are friends of ours. I’ve recently seen your cousin. → I’ve recently seen that cousin of yours.
1. She is their relative. 2. That policeman is my friend. 3. We are your former students. 4. How’s your niece? 5. My work isn’t your business. 6. I met her boyfriend yesterday. 7. She is our new neighbour. 8. He was listening to her every word very attentively. 9. Is that their house? I can’t believe! 10. I’ve suggested that idea! Don’t lie that it’s your idea.
Ex.5. Complete the conversations. Use this, that, these and those. 1. Are we going out _________ evening? – I can't really. I'll be working late at the office. 2. I hear you've found a new job. – _________'s right. I've just been hired by a German advertising agency. 3. What's the matter? – It's _________ shoes. They are too small and are hurting my feet. 4. It's so boring here. – I know. Nothing ever happens in _________ place. 5. What's happened? You look so happy. – You won't believe _________ , but I've just learnt that I’ve been enrolled on _________ courses I told you about. 6. What make of a car is _________? – I don't know. It’s too far away to say exactly. 7. The conference is two weeks from today. – Sorry, I won't be able to participate. I'll be away all _________ week. 8. Best Solutions Ltd. Can I help you? – Hello, _________ is Alan. Can I speak to Fiona, please? 9. I've had _________ awful feeling since Michael blamed me for the failure. – Did he? _________ wasn't honest of him. 10. _________ flat isn’t very comfortable, is it? – No, it isn’t. I don't think I'll want to live here.
Ex.6. Fill in each gap with some or any. 1. Are there _________ high mountains in the Netherlands? – No, there aren’t. The highest point is 321 metres above sea level. 2. We haven’t got _________ bread. – You should go to the shop then. We need _________ vegetables too. 3. Were there _________ people at the conference that you knew? – There were _________ colleagues from my previous work. 4. He is lazy. He never does _________ work. 5. She is living in _________ village in Sweden. 6. Excuse me, could you give me _________ information about trains to Berlin? 7. Would you like _________ milk with your coffee? 8. Can you lend me _________ money for the parking machine? – Certainly. I’ve got _________ coins. How much do you need? 9. You can exchange your money at _________ bank. 10. It is no use asking him about it. He has hardly _________ knowledge of the subject.
Ex.7. Complete the following sentences choosing the correct variant from A, B, C or D. There may be several variants. 1. I tried to phone Jenny but there was _________ answer. A some B no C not any D any 2. We could not understand what was happening. _________ reason was given for the change of plan. A No B Any C Some D Not any 3. We need some more paint; there is _________ left. A some B any C not any D no 4. Haven’t you taken _________ books of mine? I can’t find them. A any B some C no D not any 5. Come _________ time you like – I’ll be the whole day in. A not any B some C any D no 6. I read ______ wonderful novels by Rosamunde Pilcher when I was on holiday. A some B no C not any D any 7. My husband entirely relies on me when we are travelling because he speaks _________ foreign languages. A not any B some C any D no 8. I’ve got three umbrellas but I can’t find _________ of them now when I need to go out in the rain. A some B not any C no D any 9. I’ve done _________ revision for the exam and feel more or less confident. A any B no C not any D some 10. What noise are you speaking about? I can’t hear _________ voices. A some B any C not any D no
Ex.8. Translate into English. Багато друзів, декілька друзів, мало друзів; багато роботи, небагато роботи, мало роботи; декілька листів, мало можливостей, багато вправ, небагато грошей; декілька книжок, мало студентів, багато часу, декілька уроків, багато відряджень, небагато завдань, мало прибутку, багато проектів.
Ex.9. Make up sentences about yourself. In your answers, use many, much, a lot/lots of, (a) little), (a) few, not any, no with some of the suggested words. Model: friends abroad → I’ve got few friends abroad; money with you at the moment → I haven’t got much money with me at the moment.
Ambitions, work to do, patience, interest in foreign languages, plans for future, cash at the moment, relatives, books in English, problems with maths, free time, hobbies, confidence, energy.
Ex.10. How much? Use the appropriate quantifier (many, much, a lot of, a few, a little, etc.) in the following sentences. 1. Last week there was so _________ rain that I was not able to go out. 2. He is a man of _________ words. 3. I'm afraid I haven’t got _________ news to share with you but still there are _________ things I would like to say. 4. Nick has very _________ knowledge of the matter. How can you trust him? 5. Do you have _________ problems with English? – Actually, I feel _________ problems with speaking but _________ problems with reading and understanding. 6. Don’t water those cactuses so often – they need _________ water. 7. In my first university year I missed my home very much because I had _________ friends. 8. Don’t worry, I’ll need only _________ minutes to get ready. 9. I felt very nervous when I saw that there were _________ people in the hall to listen to my presentation. 10. She is very stubborn and it is _________ use trying to change her mind.
Ex.11. Little or a little? Few or a few? 1. We spent only _________ money on our holiday last year. 2. It’s not the best period in his life. He has _________ problems both at work and at home. 3. Can you lend me _________ dollars, please? I promise to pay you back tomorrow. 4. The winter is very warm. We have had _________ snow this year. 5. I can’t give you a definite answer right away. I need _________ time to think. 6. While translating that difficult text, I had to look up _________ words in the dictionary. 7. I think _________ more spices will make the meat taste better. 8. She never uses sugar, she only puts _________ honey in her tea. 9. I have to go to the post office because I need to send _________ letters. 10. May I give you _________ advice? Don’t rush off. Haste makes waste.
Ex.12. What is the difference? Put in most + noun or most of the + noun. 1. _________ like speaking about themselves. (people) 2. I know _________ in our street. (people) 3. _________ we just stay in and watch TV. (evenings) 4. During our holiday in France, we just wandered along Parisian streets _________ . (evenings) 5. At the concert, _________ was performed by a quartet from Boston. (music) 6. _________ sends me to sleep. (classical music) 7. _________ in Ukraine are sponsored by the government. (universities) 8. _________ offer a wide range of courses. (universities) 9. _________ who came to Kyiv were charmed by this beautiful city. (tourists) 10. _________ prefer to travel light. (tourists)
Ex.13. Complete the text with most (of), all (of), or none (of). (1) ________ the world’s large cities suffer from traffic problems. (2) ________ cities were not planned to cope with so many vehicles, so the streets are narrow, and there is not enough space for parking. A number of different ways out have been suggested, but (3) ________ the solutions have been completely successful. For example, many cities try to discourage the use of private cars in the centre, but even so it is impossible to keep (4) ________ the traffic away. As (5) ________ large shops, offices, hotels, railway stations, etc. are in the centre of the city, there will always be a need for buses and taxis and some private cars. An obvious answer is to move (6) ________ the hotels, offices and large stations out of the city centre. It would be impossible to move (7) ________ these things, but it would still make the situation better. The new areas would have plenty of parking and public transport, so they would have (8) ________ the problems of the old city centre.
Ex.14. All or both? Each or every? There may be more than one variant. 1. _________ the windows in the house are open. 2. _________ her parents are from Glasgow. 3. _________ room in the house was painted white. 4. I tried twice to invite Jane to the cinema, but _________ times she refused. 5. He had spent _________ his life working in a factory. 6. The calendar has a different picture for _________ month of the year. 7. When two cars crashed, _________ drivers were injured but not seriously. 8. She bought presents for _________ member of her family. 9. I invited _________ my friends to the party. 10. Michael spends _________ his money on books on astrology.
Ex.15. Explain the difference in the use of other, another and the other. 1. I don’t like this colour. Can you show me some other shoes? 2. There must be another road that leads to the centre of the city. 3. My brother has another two years to finish his university course. 4. Jane, you’ve come at last! And where are the other students? 5. I’ll take this topic for the presentation, and you take the other one. 6. Now that Pete is working in Boston we don’t see each other very often. 7. Mary came to see me the other day. I think it was Wednesday. 8. We have business meetings every other Monday. 9. I didn't leave you. It was the other way round. 10. I like what you are suggesting. On the other hand, it will cost us much.
Ex.16. Complete the sentences using other, another and the other. 1. Only three students in our group like the new subject. _________ students say it’s boring. 2. Some people like jazz, _________ people like pop music, still _________ people like rock. 3. We’ve made a very good team at out department. We work well with each _________ . 4. He is waiting for us on _________ side of the street. 5. Here is only one shoe. Where is _________ one? 6. I haven’t got time to go to the fitness centre every day. I go there every _________ day. 7. Do you know that Jane’s got married? I heard some rumours _________day. 8. I’ll finish the translation soon. Give me _________ twenty minutes and you’ll get the translated text. 9. I read The Financial Times more or less regularly. I don’t read any _________ British newspapers. 10. Do you like the biscuits? Take _________ one!
Ex. 17. Choose the correct variant.
Ex.18. Join the sentences with both … and; either … or: neither nor, as in the model.
Ex.19. Choose the correct variant: A, B, C or D.
Ex.20. Can you spot mistakes in the following sentences? Be attentive: some sentences are correct.
Ex. 21. Translate into English.
NUMERALS
Ex.1. Write the numbers and practise saying them. 1. seven hundred and fifty (BrE) = seven hundred fifty (AmE) 2. nine hundred and ninety-nine 3. one thousand four hundred and forty six 4. nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine 5. seven hundred and fifty thousand 6. two hundred and sixty thousand, one hundred and twenty-seven 7. ten thousand and one 8. seven and a half million 9. one million, two hundred and twenty-five thousand 10. three hundred and three million 11. three point nine per cent 12. twelve point five per cent
Ex.2. Write the figures in words, then practise saying them. 1. 100; 101; 175; 210; 777 2. 1,000; 1,040; 1,100; 2,400 3. 100,000; 260,127; 500,000; 999, 900 4. 1,000,000; 1,225,375; 2,666,300; 4,385,567
Ex.3. Read aloud the following information about the total area of some countries.
Do you know the total area of your country?
Ex.4. How would you say these sums of money in English? $1 or $1.00 – one dollar; $25.01 – twenty-five dollars and one cent
1. $8.75; $34.10; $432; $5,642; $3,350.55; $26,836,000; 2. €10.50; €1,280; €150, 263; €1,786,000; 3. ₤150.99; ₤255,000; ₤805,600; ₤1,490,000 Ex. 5. Write these numbers in a decimal form. 1. three hundred twenty-one point seven - 321.7 2. one hundred twenty seven point five 3. eight hundred seventy-three point four 4. twenty-five point nine eight seven 5. nought point five four eight 6. nought point five five 7. nought point oh one 8. nought point oh oh one
Ex.6. Compare and read the following numbers out. 1. 3,141 and 3.141 2. 15.001 and 15,001 3. 26.012 and 26,012 4. 1.125 and 1,125 5. 7,010 and 7.010 6. 2.012; 2,212; the year 2012 7. 1.917; 1,917; the year 1917 8. 21.019 and 21,019
Ex.7. Read the sentences aloud.
Ex.8. A hundred, one hundred, or hundreds of? Complete the sentences, using the words in brackets in the correct form. The first two sentences have been done for you.
Ex.9. Use the numbers as adjectives. Be attentive with all the necessary changes. 1. forty five minutes, a lesson – a forty-five-minute lesson 2. two hours, a trip – a two-hour trip 3. twenty minutes, a walk – _________________________ 4. seventy-five dollars, a price cut – ___________________ 5. twelve weeks, a semester – ________________________ 6. twenty degrees, a fall in temperature – _______________ 7. twenty thousand pounds, a car – ____________________ 8. forty thousands, a loan – __________________________ 9. fifteen percent, a discount – ________________________ 10. ten tons, a truck – ______________________________
Ex.10. Samantha Baretti has just returned to the office after her marketing trip to Malaysia. She turns on the answer phone and hears the following messages. Complete her notes in a numerical form. Marketing meeting scheduled for the tenth of April at two o’clock in room three. Expected to last two hours. Please confirm you can attend by phoning extension sixty-five, double six. Marketing meeting on ______ at ______. in ______ . Call ext. ______ .
New shelving for your office to be delivered on the eleventh of March after ten o’clock. Dimensions are four point five metres wide, two point eight metres in length and forty centimetres deep. Please ring two six two seven three one if this time is not convenient. Delivery on ______ after ______ . Dimensions: ______ . Ring ______ .
Don’t understand your marketing expenses. Your receipts are for one hundred and fifty pounds, five hundred euros, one thousand fifty Indonesian rupiahs, and seven thousand four hundred and sixty Malaysian ringgits. This does not convert to eight hundred sixteen pounds. Please ring accounts. Marketing receipts: _____________________________________________
Ex.11. List your three biggest monthly expenses. Say how much you spend each month on rent, food, shopping, transportation, and/or entertainment.
Ex.12. Ask each member of your mini-group about their expenses. Compare group averages. You can start your questions in the following way: A: Susan, how much do you spend on __________ (telephone, electricity, room payment, food, entertainment)? B: Oh, I spend about __________ . What about you? C: Nothing, I live with my parents but every month I spend _______ on _______.
Ex.13. Someone is querying some invoices. Give them the information using the data below. e.g. Invoice number fifteen, dated December the seventeenth two thousand and eleven, is for five hundred and twenty six pounds, seventeen pence.
Ex.14. Make a brief presentation of the company. Nike, Inc. (founded in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports, officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978)
Ex.15. Find the required information on the economy of the United Kingdom. Then, using the data, make a brief report. GNP: Labour force: Unemployment rate: Budget: Industries: Agriculture: Exports: Imports: External debt:
Ex.16. Correct the mistakes if there are any.
Ex.17. Translate the following word combinations into English. А. 20 кілограмів, 350 грамів, півтори тонни, 3/5тонни; 33 сантиметри, 2 ½ дюйма, сто метрів, 1/4 кілометра, 60 кілометрів; 500 доларів, 501фунт, 47 процентів, 2,65 процентів, 0,65 проценту; B. півгодини, півкілограма, півкілометра, півмільйона євро; півтори години, півтора століття, півтори тонни, півтора метра; десяток ящиків - десятки ящиків, дюжина яєць – дюжини червоних троянд, сто років – сотні туристів, тисяча вибачень – тисячі туристів; C.60 км за годину, 2 дні на тиждень, 4 рази на рік, 500 доларів на тиждень, 5 тонн вугілля за місяць; D. двогодинна подорож, десятивідсоткова знижка, п'ятитонна вантажівка, тримільйонний доларовый контракт/ контракт на три мільйони доларів
Ex.18. Translate into English. Write the numbers in words.
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