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Unit 4. DEMAND AND SUPPLYДата публикации: 01.02.2017 19:10
A system is in equilibrium when the forces constituting it are arranged in such a way as to compensate each other, like the two weights pulling at the arms of a pair of scales. Rudolf Arnheim (1904 – 2007),
LEAD-IN
PRE-TEXT EXERCISES
A. Reading drills Ex.1. Practice reading the following words. aw [ɔ:] law, draw, saw, strawberries, raw, paw, pawl, bawl ow [au] how, power, down, town,now, plow, mow, howl, scowl ow[əu] low, show, slow,own,know, nowt ou[ʌ] enough, country,double,touch, young, tough, rough ea [i:] increase, cheaply, reach, peach, please, decrease, mean, each ea [e] heavily, health, measure, pleasure, bread, breakfast, head er [з:] refer, prefer, term,perfect, verb,service,certain ur[з:] purchase, turn, hurt, burn,Thursday, nurse, curtain c [s] society, choice, price, nice, produce, decision, force, once c [k] consumer, cost, comprise, calm, conference, cooperative
Ex. 2. Read the words in the groups below. Pay attention to the word stress. a) words with the stress on the first syllable: influence, merely, therefore, equal, basically, willingness, preference, weigh, heavily, household, income, maximize, possible, budget, impact, effort, concept, specify, quantity, purchase, demonstrate, upward, revenue, temporary, permanent, obviously, compromise, variable, calculus, relative, offset, volume, vertical, curve, substitute; b) words with the stress on the second syllable: society, allow, consume, conventional, determine, afford, demand, behavior, desire, ability, condition, affect, decision, utility, consider, significant, analogous, depending, amount, available, effective, relationship, efficient, forgo, consumption, increase, equipment, facilities, responding, impose, necessity, incentive; c)polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress: economic, competition, microeconomics, combination, independently, represent, fundamental, correlation, allocation, opportunity, unexpected, equilibrium, individual, fluctuation, inelastic.
B. Word formation Ex. 3. Make up adjectives as in the model. Model: noun+suffix –(c)ialor –(t)ial→ adjective e.g. society – social Adverb, commerce, essence, face, race, finance, potency, credence, prudence, president, torrent.
Ex.4. Make up nouns as in the model. Model: adjective+suffix–ness→noun e.g.ready – readiness Ill, fit, dark, awkward, lazy, hard, soft, ready, calm, dark, kind, abrupt, absurd, awful, bitter. Model: verb+suffix –ance or -ence →noun e.g. appear- appearance, insure- insurance Depend, ignore, maintain, prefer, resist, insist, interfere, assure, accept, absorb, deliver, clear. What other adjective and noun suffixes do you know? Find in the text other adjectives and nouns and translate them.
TEXT A: DEMAND AND SUPPLY
All societies necessarily make economic choices. Society needs to make choices about what should be produced, how those goods and services should be produced, and who is allowed to consume those goods and services. For conventional economics, the market answers these questions by way of the operation of supply and demand. Under conditions of competition, where no one has the power to influence or set price, the market (everyone, producers and consumers together) determines the price of a product, and the price determines what is produced, and who can afford to consume it. The terms supply and demand do not mean the amount of goods and services actually sold and bought; in any sale the amount sold is equal to the amount bought, and such supply and demand, therefore, are always equal. Let’s have a closer look at both of them. In microeconomics, demand refers to the buying behaviour of a household. What does this mean? Basically, micro economists want to try to explain three things:
Demand is comprised of three things.
It is not enough to merely want or desire an item. One must show the ability to pay and then the willingness to pay. If all three conditions are not met then the demand is not real. Each household, or small-scale decision-making unit, is affected by different factors when making choices about what to buy and how much to buy. Consumer preferences weigh heavily in a household's buying decisions. Another factor that affects such decisions is income: a millionaire and an average citizen will have very different purchasing choices, since they have different budgets to work on. All buyers will try to maximize their utility, that is, make themselves as happy as possible, by spending what money they have in the best way possible. By considering both their preferences and their budget, they ensure that they end up with the best combination of goods possible. Because the household is such a small unit, no household has a significant impact on the market, and so the actions of any single household is its best effort to react to the market price and the goods available. At the other side of every transaction is a seller. Economists refer to the behaviour of sellers as the market force of supply. It is the combined forces of supply and demand that make up a market economy. Firms operate independently of each other, making decisions about what to sell, and how much to sell, depending on the price. How do firms make their selling decisions? Once they have decided what to sell, (a decision they make is based on what they believe buyers will want to buy), their decision is then influenced by the market price of the goods. Supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price. The relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship. Supply represents how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The correlation between price and how much of a good or service is supplied to the market is known as the supply relationship. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand. The relationship between demand and supply underlie the forces behind the allocation of resources. In market economy theories, demand and supply theory will allocate resources in the most efficient way possible. How? Let us take a closer look at the Law of Demand and the Law of Supply.
A. The Law of Demand
The Law of Demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that good. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. The amount of a good that buyers purchase at a higher price is less because as the price of a good goes up, so does the opportunity cost of buying that good. As a result, people will naturally avoid buying a product that will force them to forgo the consumption of something else they value more.
B. The Law of Supply
Like the Law of Demand, the Law of Supply demonstrates the quantities that will be sold at a certain price. But unlike the Law of demand, the supply relationship shows an upward slope. This means that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a higher quantity at a higher price increases revenue.
C. Equilibrium
So far, we've looked at supply, we've looked at demand, and the main question that now arises is: "How do these two opposing forces of supply and demand shape the market?" Buyers want to buy as many goods as possible, as cheaply as possible. Sellers want to sell as many goods as possible, at the highest price possible. Obviously, they can't both have their way. How can we figure out what the price will be, and how many goods will be sold? In most cases, supply and demand reach some sort of compromise on the price and quantity of goods sold: the market price is the price at which buyers are willing to buy the same number of goods that sellers are willing to sell. This point is called market equilibrium. Because supply and demand can shift and change, equilibrium in a standard market is also fluid, responding to changes in either market force. When supply and demand are equal (i.e. when the supply function and demand function intersect) the economy is said to be at equilibrium. At this point, the allocation of goods is at its most efficient because the amount of goods being supplied is exactly the same as the amount of goods being demanded. Thus, everyone (individuals, firms, or countries) is satisfied with the current economic condition. At the given price, suppliers are selling all the goods that they have produced and consumers are getting all the goods that they are demanding. D. Elasticity of demand and supply
A very important concept in understanding supply and demand theory is elasticity. Robert Pindyck and Daniel Rubinfeld observed in their book “Microeconomics” that "the demand for a good depends on its price, as well as on consumer income and on the prices of other goods. Similarly, supply depends on price, as well as on variables that affect production cost…. Often, however, we want to know howmuch supply or demand will rise or fall." This measurement of a product or service's responsiveness to market changes is known as elasticity.Todd G. Buchholz, writing in his book “From Here to Economy”: “A Shortcut to Economic Literacy, used an example from the world of sports business to provide an example of economic elasticity: "Will football fans buy the same number of tickets if the team jacks up the prices? If they do, then demand is inelastic. If higher prices lead the fans to cut back their attendance, then demand is elastic, or sensitive to change." There are three main factors that influence elasticity of supply and demand . 1.The availability of substitutes. This is probably the most important factor influencing the elasticity of a good or service. In general, the more substitutes, the more elastic the demand will be. For example, if the price of a cup of coffee went up by $0.25, consumers could replace their morning caffeine with a cup of tea. This means that coffee is an elastic good because a rise in price will cause a large decrease in demand as consumers start buying more tea instead of coffee. However, if the price of caffeine were to go up as a whole, we would probably see little change in the consumption of coffee or tea because there are few substitutes for caffeine. Most people are not willing to give up their morning cup of caffeine no matter what the price. We would say, therefore, that caffeine is an inelastic product because of its lack of substitutes. Thus, while a product within an industry is elastic due to the availability of substitutes, the industry itself tends to be inelastic. Usually, unique goods such as diamonds are inelastic because they have few if any substitutes. 2.Amount of income available to spend on the good. This factor affecting demand elasticity refers to the total a person can spend on a particular good or service. Thus, if the price of a can of Coke goes up from $0.50 to $1 and income stays the same, the income that is available to spend on coke, which is $2, is now enough for only two rather than four cans of Coke. In other words, the consumer is forced to reduce his or her demand of Coke. Thus if there is an increase in price and no change in the amount of income available to spend on the good, there will be an elastic reaction in demand; demand will be sensitive to a change in price if there is no change in income. 3.Time. The third influential factor is time. If the price of cigarettes goes up $2 per pack, a smoker with very few available substitutes will most likely continue buying his or her daily cigarettes. This means that tobacco is inelastic because the change in price will not have a significant influence on the quantity demanded. However, if that smoker finds that he or she cannot afford to spend the extra $2 per day and begins to kick the habit over a period of time, the price elasticity of cigarettes for that consumer becomes elastic in the long run. To determine the elasticity of the supply or demand curves, we can use this simple equation: Elasticity = (% change in quantity / % change in price). It is a measure of relative changes. If elasticity is greater than or equal to one, the curve is considered to be elastic. If it is less than one, the curve is said to be inelastic. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer. Products that are necessities are more insensitive to price changes because consumers would continue buying these products despite price increases. Conversely, a price increase of a good or service that is considered less of a necessity will deter more consumers because the opportunity cost of buying the product will become too high. A good or service is considered to be highly elastic if a slight change in price leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded or supplied. Usually these kinds of products are readily available in the market and a person may not necessarily need them in his or her daily life. On the other hand, an inelastic good or service is one in which changes in price witness only modest changes in the quantity demanded or supplied, if any at all. These goods tend to be things that are more of a necessity to the consumer in his or her daily life.
Language notes: * The phrase "supply and demand" was first used by James Denham-Steuart in his Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, published in 1767. Adam Smith used the phrase in his 1776 book “The Wealth of Nations”, and David Ricardo titled one chapter of his 1817 work “Principles of Political Economy and Taxation” as "On the Influence of Demand and Supply on Price";
Weigh heavily – мати велике значення; the best combination of goods possible – найкращий вибір товарів; the higher …, the lower …– чим вищий,… тим нижчий; an upward slope – крива, спрямована вгору.
VOCABULARY FOCUS
Ex.1. Find the English equivalents in the text. Споживати товари та послуги; традиційна економіка; за умови конкуренції; ринок визначає ціну продукту; насправді куплений чи проданий; не досить лише просто хотіти чи бажати предмет; домашнє господарство; преференції споживача; пересічний громадянин; мати значний вплив на ринок; суть ринкової економіки; справжній попит; відображення попиту та пропозиції; розподіл ресурсів; альтернативнівитрати; бути проданим за певною ціною;ринкова рівновага; наявність замінників; предмет необхідності для споживачів.
Ex.2. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following phrases. To have the power to influence or set price; the operation of supply and demand; the amount of goods and services; to show the ability to pay; consumer preferences; to weigh heavily; to maximize utility; to end up with the best combination; at the other side of; the smallest unit of supply; to make selling decisions; the amount available for sale; the amount purchasers are willing to buy; one of the most fundamental concepts; to be a reflection of; in the most efficient way possible; to show an upward slope; two opposing forces shape the market; fluid equilibrium in a standard market; to be at equilibrium; the percentage change; to vary among products; to be elastic due to availability of substitutes.
Ex.3. Give three forms of the following verbs. Find the sentences with these verbs in the text. Have, let, mean, buy, pay, show, sell, know, underlie, go, forgo, meet, give, get, understand, become.
Ex.4. Make up noun+noun or adjective+noun collocations (there may be several variants).You can add other word collocations. Give examples either from the text or of your own. Economic, conventional, decision-making, consumer, demand, market, supply, opportunity, upward, percentage, quantity Choices, preference, economics, unit, economy, cost, slope, change, relationship, units, demanded. Model: economic choices e.g. All societies necessarily make economic choices.
Ex.5. Match up the terms on the left with the definitions on the right.
Ex.6. Choose an appropriate phrase to complete the following sentences. The buying behaviour, by way of, which is analogous, the price of a product, would continue buying, weigh heavily, the opportunity cost, to maximize their utility, the amount of a product, in a standard market.
Ex.7. Complete the following sentences with prepositions or adverbs.
Ex.8. Choose and combine two parts logically to make complete sentences.
Ex.9. Read the text and choose the best option. The supply/demand theory (1) ________ the paradox of inessential-but-expensive diamonds and cheap-but-essential water. The supply-and-demand theory tells us that diamonds are highly priced because they are (2) ________. There are objectively (3) ________of them relative to demand. If diamonds were as (4) _______ as gravel we would use them to pave our garden walks. More precisely, the (5) ________ point in the market for diamonds is reached at a high price per ounce. Recall that at the equilibrium point the supply and demand curves the paradox the quantity demanded (6) ________ the quantity supplied. Diamonds become more (7) ________ to produce as more are produced. Consequently, the supply curve slopes up: producers want a higher price (to cover their (8) ________ cost) if they have to produce more. The price is in equilibrium determined at the (9) ________ of supply and demand. Given the unique supply/demand circumstances in this market (people badly want diamonds and diamonds are costly to produce) the intersection (10) ________ at a high price. If the demand curve were to fall back towards the origin, the price would fall.
Ex.10. Look through the text again and replace the words /phrases in italics with similar ones.
Ex.11. Translate into English:
LANGUAGE SKILLS
Ex.12. Ask questions to which the following statements may be answers.
Ex.13. Answer the questions:
Ex.14. Make a presentation of the topic.
WRITING
Ex.15. Make up a plan for a summary of text A.
Ex.16. Using your plan as a base write a brief summary (25-30 sentences) of the text.
Ex.17. Using the information from the text, write an essay on one of the following topics: a) An increase in demand raises the price of a particular good. An increase in price cuts demand for that good. b) How does a rational consumer allocate a fixed income between the purchase of two commodities? Would the consumer always use an increase in income to buy more of both goods?
DISCUSSION POINTS
Ex.18. With your group mates do the following.
Ex.19. Explain the following sayings in your own words. What other sayings on the topic do you know? 1. Supply always comes on the heels of demand. Robert Collier, American motivational author, (1885-1950) 2. As scarce as truth is, the supply has always been in excess of the demand.Josh Billings, American humorist (Henry Wheeler Shaw) (1818 – 1885). 3. As the economy grows, so will the demand for energy.Cliff Stearns, the U.S. Representative for Florida's 6th congressional district, (1941) 4. A variety of factors contribute to the price of gasoline in the United States. These factors include worldwide supply, demand and competition for crude oil, taxes, regional differences in access to gasoline supplies and environmental regulations.Gary Miller, the U.S. Representative for California's 42nd congressional district, (1948) 5. It's the law of supply and demand. Demand is down, supply is up, so the price is down. Andrew Harrington, Economist,Australia&New Zealand Banking Group Ltd
TEXT B. THE ROLE OF PRICES
Ex.20. Scan the text below. What main factors does it mention to support the keynote, i.e. the role of prices?
Prices are key ingredients in our economy because they make things happen. If buyers want to own some items badly enough, they will pay more for them. (0) ________ Prices play such an important role in economic life that the United States is often described as a price-directed market economy. Let us see why. 1. Act as Signals to Buyers and Sellers. One of the things that prices do is carry information to buyers and sellers. (1) ________When prices are high enough, they send a "sell" signal to sellers (retailers), who can now earn a profit at the new price. 2. Encourage Efficient Production. Prices encourage business people to produce their goods at the lowest possible cost. (2) ________ Firms that are efficient will produce more goods with fewer raw materials than firms that are inefficient. (3) ________ While these efforts are in the best interests of the sellers, all of us may benefit because we are provided with the things we want at lower costs. 3. Determine Who Will Receive the Things Produced. Finally, prices help to determine who will receive the economy's output of goods and services. The price that a worker receives for doing a job is called a wage. (4) ________What the worker can buy with those wages will depend, in turn, upon the prices of the goods and services the worker would like to own. Let’s look at some examples. The most obvious cost a person bears in buying a product is the price of the product. Price reflects cost because people have a limited amount of funds that they can spend, and if they spend their money on one thing, they cannot spend it on another. (5) ________As a result, we expect people to buy more hamburger if the price is $1.00 per pound than if it is $2.00 per pound. The amount of income a person receives affects the cost of buying an item because it determines which options a person must give up when buying a product. If a person with a low income spends $5000 for a trip around the world, he will have to cut back on food, clothing, or shelter. (6) ________ Increases in people's incomes raise consumption of most products. These products are called normal goods. There are some products, however, that people use less of as their income increases; these products are called inferior goods. Public transportation is an example - as people's incomes rise, they stop riding the bus and drive their own cars. (7) ________ It was because they were a symbol of "working-class" clothes that they were adopted by the radical left in the 1960s, and from there they moved into high fashion. Prices of related goods also influence how much of a product people buy. Goods that are substitutes satisfy the same set of goals or preferences. An example of a substitute for hamburger is pork. (8) ________ The opposite of a substitute is a complement, a good that helps complete another in some way. Catsup and hamburger buns are complements to hamburger, and if they are priced low enough, consumption of hamburger may rise. Sometimes goods are such good complements that they are sold together and we think of them as a single item. (9) ________ There are other factors that influence the amount of a particular product that people are willing to buy, such as the number of consumers in the market and their expectations about future prices, incomes, and quality changes. To get a complete list for any product might be time consuming and difficult, but it is not necessary because we want to focus on the relationship between price and the quantity of a product that people are willing to buy during some interval of time. (10) ________
Ex.21. Read the text. Choose the best sentence A-J to fill each of the gaps 1-10. Do not use any letter more than once. There is an example at the beginning. 0.When sellers want to sell some items badly enough, they will lower their prices.
A When prices are low enough, they send a "buy" signal to buyers (consumers), who can now afford the things they want. B If pork prices are high, people are tempted to shift away from pork to hamburger, and if pork prices are low, people are tempted to shift from hamburger to pork. C Producers strive for efficiency as a way of increasing their profits. D The same trip will cause a person with a high income to cut back on a very different set of options. E Left shoes and right shoes are an example. F Blue jeans were once another example-people with higher incomes bought them less frequently than people with lower incomes. G To do this, we will assume that all other factors are held constant. H The amount of this wage determines how much the worker has to spend. I The lessit costs to produce an item, the more likely it is that its producers will earn a profit. J When the price of a product goes up, the amount of other things that a person must give up in order to buy the product rises.
Ex.22. Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false statements.
Ex.23. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
TEXT C: TWO FACTORS THAT AFFECT LABOUR SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Before reading If the price/cost factor is the main to affect supply and demand of commodity goods, how does it refer to the labour market? Can you think of any other factor?
Reading Read an article from the website ehow.com and do the tasks following the text.
Know the factors that affect your labour supply and demand so your business can remain competitive. (1) In every business that deals with a collection of employees, labour supply and demand must be a consideration by management or ownership. No business that requires additional employees can reach their potential without them; striking a balance between the labour available and the labour needed is always a concern that relates to productivity and to profits. Understanding the main factors that can sway labour supply and demand can help you to run a successful business. (2) Before learning the factors that affect labour demand, you must first know exactly what is meant by the term. Simply put, labour demand is the amount of workers needed to get the job done. Labour demand is a decision by management or ownership concerning how many employees or labour hours to use to complete a necessary task. Usually, the decision is heavily influenced by money. It is in the company's best interests to use as little labour as necessary to save money while still accomplishing the workload that is required. (3) On the opposite side of this carefully balanced scale is labour supply. Labour supply is simply the amount of workers available to a business at a given time. During times when labour supply is low, it can be tougher to retain employees because of other opportunities and fewer out-of-work people. (4) The wage factor is the most significant issue affecting labour supply and demand. People do not typically work for fun. They work for money and the amount they get paid is a central factor in deciding whether they will take a job or stay at a job when something else is available. Higher wages increase the labour supply for a company because it makes the job more attractive to more people. Lower wages, however, may increase the labour demand because companies can afford to hire more people at a lower rate than at a higher rate. This results in a constant tug of war in the delicate balance between supply and demand. (5) Barriers to entry are a second factor that affects labour supply and demand. Demand from hiring companies may go up because the employees they seek are specialized in some particular skill or have many requirements of new hires. Meanwhile, the labour supply decreases significantly because of these barriers. If a company only considers master's degree holders for a position, the supply of candidates for the job drops significantly compared to a company seeking candidates with a bachelor's degree. In addition, companies that require complicated testing or that require new hires to "jump through hoops" to getthrough the interview process usually find that their labour supply drops off significantly because of other options in the market that are easier to nail down.
Task 1. Explain in your own words what labour demand and labour supply mean. Task 2. Paraphrase the following sentence: Striking a balance between the labour available and the labour needed is always a concern that relates to productivity and to profits. (para.1) Task 3. Why is it more difficult to retain employees when labour supply is low? (para.3) Task 4. Explain what consequences changes in wages have. (para.4) Task 5. Expression “jump through hoops” means a) to do smth too soon, before the right time; b) to do smth difficult in order to achieve smth; c) to enthusiastically accept an opportunity or offer. (para.5)
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
making an appointment
Ex.1. Read the definitions from Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. ap‧point‧ment 1 [countable] an arrangement for a meeting at an agreed time and place, for a particular purpose You can say: have an appointment, make an appointment, an appointment to do something, book an appointment (BrE), schedule an appointment (AmE), cancel an appointment, miss an appointment, doctor’s/dentist’s/dental appointment.
She has an appointment with a client at 10.30. You should phone his secretary if you want to make an appointment. I have an appointment to see the doctor. Please give us two days’ notice if you have to cancel an appointment. I was already forty-five minutes late for mydental appointment. keep an appointment (go to an appointment you have arranged): For the third time in a row, she had failed to keep her appointment . by appointment only (only if you make an appointment in advance): All consultations are by appointment only.
Ex.2. Replace the underlined expressions with appropriate forms of the verbs from Ex.1 above. 1. An appointment with John Smith was organized for 1 February. 2. But not everyone could go to it. 3. Even John Smith could not attend it. 4. So it was decided not to have the appointment at all. 5. It was arranged for 1 March. 6. She arranged an appointment for her son to see the doctor. 7. I've got a dental appointment at 3 o'clock. 8. He failed to go to the appointment he had arranged. 9. Visiting the castle is only at the time that has been arranged in advance. 10. You should phone his secretary if you want toput an appointment in your diary.
Ex.3. Questions for discussion.
Ex.4. Read a sample telephone conversation.
Ex.5. Read and study useful phrases.- I’d like to make an appointment with you. - Could we meet to discuss... - What day will be convenient for you? - What time would be convenient? - How about...? - I’ll look forward to seeing you.Asking to meet- Are you available on the 17th? - Can we meet on the 16th? - How does the 3rd sound to you? - Are you free next week? - Would Friday suit you? - Is next Tuesday convenient for you? - What about some time next week? Responding to an appointment: Agreeing on a date- Yes, Thursday is fine. - Thursday suits me. - Thursday would be perfect. - Yes, Monday would be fine. Suggesting a different date- I'm afraid I can't on the 3rd. What about the 6th? - I'm sorry, I won't be able to make it on Monday. Could we meet on Tuesday instead? - Ah, Wednesday is going to be a little difficult. I'd much prefer Friday, if that's all right with you. - I really don't think I can make it on the 17th. Can we meet up on the 19th? Setting a time- Is 3pm a good time for you? - If possible, I'd like to meet in the morning. - How does 2 pm sound to you? Changing the arrangement- We were going to meet next Friday but something urgent has come up. I'm very sorry. - I'm afraid that I'm not going to be able to meet you after all. Can we fix another time? - Something has just come up and I won't be able to meet you this afternoon. Can we make another time? - Unfortunately, due to some unforeseen business, I will be unable to keep our appointment for tomorrow afternoon. Would it be possible to arrange another time later in the week? - I’m afraid that I have to cancel our meeting on Wednesday, as something unexpected has come up. - I'm afraid that I'm not going to be able to meet you after all. Can we fix another time?
Ex.6. Read and translate the dialogue. Ann: Hello. Serge: Hi, Ann. It’s Serge. I’m calling to make an appointment for LeeAnn. She wants to meet Miles next week sometime.Ann: Let me take a look at his appointment schedule. Let’s see, can LeeAnn be here on Tuesday at 2 pm?Serge: No, she’s tied up all Tuesday afternoon, but I could shuffle around some of her commitments to free her up on Tuesday morning, if that helps.Ann: Unfortunately, Tuesday morning is out. I could bump someone on Wednesday afternoon at 3 pm. Can LeeAnn be here at that time?Serge: She has an appointment at 2:30 in this office, but it shouldn’t last more than a half hour. She should be able to make it by 3 o’clock if she’s not running late. Better yet, I may be able tochange something, maybe push back that appointment until she gets back to the office. Why don’t you pencil her in for now?Ann: Okay, I’ll do that, but can you confirm with me by Monday?Serge: Sure, I’ll give you a heads up no later than noon on Monday if I can’t push back her other appointment.Ann: Okay, sounds good. Tell me, do you ever feel like we’re spinning our wheels, spending our days making, changing, and canceling appointments?Serge: Yeah, every single day!Ex. 7. Role-play the dialogue.Rachel: Hello, my name is Rachel Jones and I'd like to make an appointment to speak to Mr. Smith.Secretary: Can I ask you what is the purpose of the appointment?Rachel: Of course. I met him at a luncheon last week and he asked me to call him to make an appointment to talk about a job.Secretary: Okay. Mr. Smith has an appointment available on Monday June 10th at 4 pm or Thursday June 13th at 2 pm. Which one would be better for you?Rachel: Monday at 4pm would be perfect.Secretary: Excellent. I've got you down for that day and time. Can I have your phone number just in case something comes up and he needs to reschedule?Rachel: Yes, certainly. It is 085-897-9393.Secretary: (repeats the phone number to make sure it's correct) 085-897-9393.Rachel: That's it. Thank you so much. I'll see you on Monday June 10th at 4 pm.Secretary: Have a nice day!Ex.8. Complete the dialogue with the words and word combinations from the box.A)
Pam: Hello. Pam Robertson __________ . Bob: Oh hello, Pam. It's Bob here. Pam: Hello Bob. How can I help you? Bob: _______ the new advertising budget meeting. ______ on Tuesday afternoon? Pam: Let me see. Sorry I'm __________ the new factory all day on Tuesday. How about Wednesday at two p.m.? Bob: I'm meeting a customer in the morning, but the afternoon is __________ . Pam: Good. So __________ on Wednesday then. Good bye. Bob: Good bye.
b)
A: Good morning. Dr. Brown's office. __________?A: Good morning. I __________with Dr. Brown.B: Ok. Just a minute. __________on Monday at 1:00 pm?A: No. Monday is a busy day for me. I __________until 9:00 pm. I __________the office early.B: What about Wednesday at 6:00 pm? __________?A: __________? You know how heavy the traffic is at 6. I __________on time.B: OK. You __________by Dr. Brown on Wednesday at 7. OK? If you can't come for any reason, please __________and I will try to set another time.B: OK. Thanks.Ex.9. Work with a partner. Your partner wants to arrange a meeting next week. However, you're very busy! Think of three reasons why you are busy. 1) 2) 3) Role-play the conversations with your partner:
2. Your partner will then suggest a different time. Accept the second time.Ex.10. Work in pairs. Practice making and changing an appointment.You are going to role-play five situations. Refer to Ex. 5 for useful phrases.1. A. You're a chemical engineer who works in the company's R&D labs. You're attending a conference on a new chemical processing technology. A friend from college (who is now a professor doing research in the same area) will be attending the conference. You want to schedule some time to talk to him and get his perspective on recent developments in the field. But he is hard to reach.B. An old friend from college (who is doing research work in the same field as you in the R&D labs of a large corporation) wants to get together and talk. You try to find some time for him in your busy schedule.2. A. You sell expensive medical equipment. You have to make an appointment to talk with a doctor who is very influential at a hospital where you're trying to close a sale. You want to get him in the right mood so you invite him to play a round of golf at an expensive country club.B. You're a doctor at an important university hospital. A salesman selling cancer treatment equipment has been hounding you trying to get some time to talk with you. Now he wants to meet over golf which doesn't seem too bad to you. You try to find some time for him in your busy schedule.3. A. You own 20% of a company and feel that your ideas about where the company should be heading aren't being taken into account by the company's management. You schedule a meeting with the CEO to talk about this.B. You are the CEO of a company. A major stockholder in the company has called you up repeatedly trying to get some time to talk to you about his vision of the future for the company. His ideas aren't really compatible with yours but you think it judicious to hear him out. You schedule some time for him over lunch.4. A. Your friend has a job providing tech support to sales reps at a promising software startup. You've heard that there's an opening and you want to talk to your friend about the possibility of you landing the job. You suggest lunch or beer after work.B. One of your best friends has just arrived back from his adventures in Asia. He's trying to find a job again and thinks you can help him to talk to your boss into giving him a job in customer support. You both decide to meet over lunch.5. A. You're an investment banker visiting Jakarta to set up some merger and acquisition deals. A reporter wants to interview you.B. You're a reporter who wants to write an insider story on the corporate reorganizations that are taking place in the wake of the Asian financial crisis. You make an appointment to talk with an investment banker (a friend of a friend) to talk about what's going on.
Ex.11. Imagine and name a company you’d like to work for. Design your own “business card”. Fill theblank weekly planner with as many appointments as possible. Play a role of a business person arranging meetings during work hours. Agree on when to meet, where to meet, and what to discuss. You cannot meet the same person twice. Possible reasons why two people might have a business meeting: buying or selling, cooperating, asking advice, discussing a legal issue, etc.
Ex.12. Arrange personal meetings with your friends, outside work hours. You might meet, for example to eat a meal, climb a hill, watch TV, go dancing, go shopping, play sport, etc. You cannot meet the same person twice. Sentences appropriate to use with friends: Do you want to meet some time? When are you free? OK, see you then!
GRAMMAR
PAST PERFECT
Ex.1. Read the sentences and define the tense forms. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
Ex.2. Complete the sentences in the Past Perfect. 1.Without any reason, the customer returned the goods that we ________(deliver) . 2.Before Ellen could say anything, Cindy _______(hang up) the phone. 3.When William was employed, I ______(work / already) here for three years. 4.I______ (start / just) to type the letter, when the phone rang. 5.When I sent the mail, I realised that I ______(forget) to attach the file. 6.Sue and Tom are best friends, though before the meeting last month they _______(know / not even) each other. 7.Catherine _______(meet / not) Phil Brown before the trade fair in May. 8.We spoke about the conference that _______(take place) the week before. 9.After the meeting I thanked Misses Last, who _______ (manage) everything. 10._______(you / gain) experience in that field before you started to work for us?
Ex. 3. Write the verbs in the Past Perfect. Use the negative form.
Ex. 4. In pairs ask and answer questions in the Past Perfect. 1.(what / Bob / do) that he was kept in after his lectures? - What had Bob done that he was kept in after his lectures?- He had missed more than 10 seminars. 2.(you / eat) anythingbefore you went to the theatre? - Had you eaten before you went to the theatre?- Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t. 3.(he / live) in London before he moved to Glasgow? 4.(she / find) a new job by that time? 5.(they / book) a room before they went to Dublin? 6.(how often / you / ring) the bell before he answered the door? 7.(why / they / have) dinner before they came to the party? 8.(Carly / wash) the dishes when her Mum came home? 9.(you / read) the contract before you signed it? 10.(who / live) in the house before we moved in?
Ex.5. Work in pairs. Make up short dialogues. Present one event as prior to another event, moment or situation. Example: - Fred had cooked dinner by the time his family gathered at home. - And Fiona?(to polish the floor) - Fiona had polished the floor by the time her family gathered at home. - And you?(to bake an onion pie) - I had baked an onion pie by the time my family gathered at home. - What had all you done by the time your family gatherd at home? - We had cooked dinner, baked an onion pie and polished the floor by the time our family gathered at home. 1. The girl had made a new dress for her birthday party. (to buy flowers, to lay the table) 2. She had accompanied the injured girl home before the doctor arrived. (to wash the wound, to bandage the wound) 3. Patricia had watered the flowers before I went into the yard. (to sweep the yard, to trim the bushes) 4. He had changed the wheel on a car before the trip. (pack the suitcase, book the hotel room)
Ex.6. Match two parts of the sentences in the box using the Past Perfect. Remember what was first and what was next. Use time expressions when, by the time, after. There may be several variants. Model:I had finished my work on the report (first) by the time he returned (next).
Ex.7. Read an extract about Richard Branson’s career and complete the sentences. Use the Past Perfect. Sir Richard Branson (born 18 July 1950) is an English business magnate, best known for his Virgin Group of more than 400 companies. His first business venture was a magazine called Student at the age of 16. In 1970, he set up an audio-record mail-order business. In 1972, he opened a chain of record stores, Virgin Records, later known as Virgin Megastores. Branson’s Virgin brand grew rapidly during the 1980s, as he set up Virgin Atlantic Airways and expanded the Virgin Records music label. Branson is the 4th richest citizen of the United Kingdom, according to the Forbes 2011 list of billionaires, with an estimated net worth of US $4.2 billion.
Ex.8. Open the brackets. Pay attention to the use of the Past Simple and the Past Perfect.
Ex.9. Make up sentences according to the pattern. Hardly had he come when it started raining hard.=He had hardly come when it started raining hard. No sooner they had received the task than the meeting was over. = They had no sooner received the task than the meeting was over.
Ex.10. Using the words in brackets, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. I can't believe I _______ (get) that apartment. I _______ (submit) my application last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I _______ (show) up to take a look around, there were at least twenty other people who _______ (arrive) before me. Most of them _______ (fill, already) out their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did. I _______ (try) to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They _______ (want) me to include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I _______ (have) some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I _______ (end) up listing my father as a reference. It was total luck that he _______ (decide) to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord and my father _______ (go) to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he _______ (look) at my credit report. I really lucked out!
Ex. 11. Correct the mistakes if there are any. 1. He had hardly come when the lecture had begun. 2. Mummy cooked an exclusive cake before the wedding. 3.Marion had booked a hotel room, bought the tickets and started packing her suitcase. 4. They had make a phone call by the time the manager came. 5. Mr. Johnson retired and went to live in a village. 6. I was very happy as I passed my driving test rather successfully. 7. The Dean finished speaking and had made a few practical suggestions. 8. My group mates have finished the report on the subject when the bell rang. 9. When the director had entered the office, the secretary just finished typing the contract. 10. I asked her twice before she had told me her name.
Ex. 12. Translate into English. 1. Не встиг я вийти з офісу, як пішов дощ. 2. Мері увійшла в кабінет, як раптом згадала, що забула ключі від сейфу вдома. 3. Він хвалився, що зустрічався з цією кінозіркою під час фестивалю. 4. Тед почувався втомленим. Вчора вночі він закінчив писати реферат. 5. До того, як Тео переїхав в будинок в передмісті, він жив в маленькій квартирі в центрі міста. 6. Як тільки ми закінчили переговори, як делегація поїхала в аеропорт. 7. Я знала його. Ми жили в дитинстві на одній вулиці. 8. Гаррі запізнився. Лекція вже почалась. 9. Ми отримали листа від батьків про те, що вони вже переїхали. 10. На жаль, коли ми прибули на станцію, було вже пізно.Потяг вже пішов.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Ex.13. Read the sentences and define the tense forms. Translate them into Ukrainian.
Ex. 14. Complete the sentences, putting the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous.
Ex.15. Ask questions using the questioning words in brackets.
Ex.16.In pairs, ask and answer questions. 1. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. – Had they been writing the report before Tony arrived? –No, they hadn’t. They had been talking. How long had they been talking? – They had been talking for over an hour.
Ex.17. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
1.He _______the car for many hours before he came to the crossroads. 2. The pianist _______ the passage hour after hour till he mastered it. 3. When I met her, her eyes were red. She and Mike _______ . 4. When I came, they ______ this question for more than an hour. 5. It was evening and he was tired because he _______ since dawn. 6. He ______ to get her on the phone for 15 minutes before he heard her voice. 7. By 12 o’clock they _______ a composition for hours. 8. The fire _______ for some time before a fire brigade came. 9. I ______ to meet her for ages when I bumped into her by chance. 10. When I left home, it was raining, and as it _______ since morning, the streets were muddy.
Ex.18. Complete the sentences with the Past Perfect Continuous to explain the reason. Example: Mary got burnt. (Lie in the sun)- Mary got burnt because she had been lying in the sun.
Ex.19.Correct the mistakes if there are any. 1. I was tired. I have been writing the composition the whole evening. 2.They were been travelling for a week when they reached the point of destination. 3.We were exhausted. We had been sightseeing in the town all day long. 4. He passed his English exam easily. He had been studying very hard before. 5. Katherine and Josh looked very angry. They had argued since morning.. 6. Tracy had been preparing for the presentation until she met a deadline. 7. The kitchen smelled of vanilla. Mum was preparing for the big event for 5 hours. 8. They trained hard for the whole year. It was their big success. 9. Dave was happy. He and Maria had been doing their best until they won the contest. 10.I wasn’t surprised Pete had failed his exam. He wasn’t working hard during the semester.
Ex.20. TranslateintoEnglish. 1. Вона жила в Києві вже два роки , але так і не знала свій район. 2. Вона сказала, що вона вчила англійську з дитинства. 3. Коли я приїхала у відпустку на море, мої друзі були там уже два тижні. 4. У Люсі очі були червоні. Вона плакала весь ранок. 5. Джесіка та Джері будували будинок вже рік, коли розпочалась економічна криза. 6. Майкл був надто втомлений. Збори тривали з ранку. 7. Наша секретарка друкувала папери вже пів години, коли прийшов шеф і сказав, що вже не потрібно. 8. Сніг йшов всю ніч. Вранці всі будинки були вкриті снігом. 9. Вона промокла наскрізь. Всю дорогу до станції вона йшла без парасольки. 10.Анастасія була найкраща репортерка. Вона працювала в нашій газеті з самого початку.
Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous? Ex.21. Complete the situations as in the example. Present events as prior to other events or situations. Use them in a broader context to justify your choice of the verb forms. Example: Dexter was studying economics when I met him. (for 4 years) – Dexter had been studying economics for 4 years when I met him. He was glad to work as an accountant. 1. Sophie was working as a lecturer when I joined the staff. (for 10 years) 2. Margaret was wandering from room to room when I returned. (for a long time) 3. He was working in a fast food restaurant when he found another job. (for half a year) 4. The artist was sitting in the gallery when Maria found him at last. (for 5 hours) 5. George was working as a reporter when I first met him. (since 2002)
Past Simple, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous?
Ex.22. Replace the infinitives by the Past Perfect, the Past Perfect Continuous or the Past Simple as required. 1. He told me he _______ (not to see) much of her since he _______ (to move) to another place. 2. When I _______ (to arrive) he _______ (to stay) at the same hotel where we first _______ (to meet). He _______ (to tell) me he _______ (to wait) for me for some time already. 3. He _______ (to consult) his watch nervously several times before he _______ (to see) her at the end of the platform. 4. He _______ (to write) and _______ (to tear) up more than one letter when at last he _______ (to find) the necessary form of address. 5. At the end of the week the fishermen _______ (to think) they _______ (to sail) long enough to reach the shore, and as there _______ (to be) no land in sight, they _______ (to understand) that they _______ (to lose) their course and _______ (to follow) the wrong route. 6. It _______ (not to rain) for more than two months, and the fruits _______ (to fall) before they _______ (to become) ripe, when one August night the people _______ (to be roused) by the sound of heavy drops beating against the roofs and window-panes. With the rain there _______ (to come) hope.
Ex.23. Choose the verb in the box and complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb. (Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous or Past Simple)
Ex.24. Open the brackets and use the proper tense (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous).
Ex.25. Correct the mistakes if there are any.
Ex.26. TranslateintoEnglish. 1.Студенти закінчили підготовку до конференції до 30 жовтня. 2. Вони були друзями вже 10 років, перш ніж я познайомився з ними. 3. Секретарка віддала листа лише після того, як я сповістив своє ім’я. 4. Вона прийшла на роботу і згадала, що забув вдома гаманця. 5. Мої сусіди сказали, що провели відпустку в Альпах. 6. Ми думаємо, що він прийняв правильне рішення. 7. Вони вирішили залишитись вдома, тому що були втомлені. 8. Ми подивились фільм перш ніж обговорили його. 9. Я була в Лондоні минулого року. Раніше я там ніколи не була. 10. Я прочекала на зупинці 20 хвилин перш ніж прийшов трамвай.
PAST TENSES REVIEW Ex.27. Identify the tenses, then match the sentences on the left with their functions on the right.
Ex.28. Final test. Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, or Past Perfect Continuous? Choose the right answer. 1. He _______ a new car last year. a. bought b. was buying c. had bought d. had been buying 2. He _______ London two years ago. a. visited b. was visiting c. had visited d. had been visiting 3. I _______ yesterday because I was sick. a. didn't work b. wasn't working c. hadn't worked d. hadn't been working 4. She fell asleep while she _________ TV. a. watched b. was watching c. had watched d. had been watching 5. She probably lost her keys while she ________ in the park. a. walked b. was walking c. had walked d. had been walking 6. He _________ at four o'clock yesterday. a. slept b. was sleeping c. had slept d. had been sleeping 7. First he ________ as a salesman, then as a night clerk, and after that he quit his job and became a writer. a. worked b. was working c. had worked d. had been working 8. Christopher Columbus ________ America in 1492. a. discovered b. was discovering c. had discovered d. had been discovering 9. By the time I came back, Mike and Jane______, so I couldn't tell them about it. a. already left b. were already leaving c. had already left d. had already been leaving 10. It ________ me two hours to get to the airport. a. took b. was taking c. had taken d. had been taking 11. Their car was stolen while they________ lunch at a cafe. a. ate b. were eating c. had eaten d. had been eating 12. When he lived in Mexico, he ________ in a bank. a. worked b. was working c. had worked d. had been working 13. He ________ for his bus at the bus stop when the robbers attacked him. a. waited b. was waiting c. had waited d. had been waiting 14. She _______ all the letters by the time her boss asked her to type them again. a. sent b. was sending c. had sent d. had been sending 15. Until last night, she _______ him about it. a. never asked b. was never asking c. had never asked d. had never been asking 16. By the time we arrived, she _______ for us at the train station for three hours. a. waited b. was waiting c. had waited d. had been waiting
Ex.29. Complete the story by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. You can choose from the Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous. My English is really getting better. I ______ (try) to learn the language since 2005, but only recently have I been able to make some real progress. By the time I started high school in 2008, I ______ (study) the language for almost three years; however, I was only able to introduce myself and utter a few memorized sentences. For a couple more years, I ______ (struggle) through grammar and vocabulary lessons, which made absolutely no difference. Nothing worked, so I decided to study abroad. I ______ (find) an exchange program in England that ______ (sound) like the perfect answer. I ______ (stay) with a host family for one month. It was a huge disappointment! I ______ (sit) there the whole time staring at the host mother and father hoping that there would be some breakthrough. Nothing. When I returned, I mentioned to a friend that I ______ (have) problems with the language for years. He recommended that I spend a year in an English speaking country. I decided to go abroad again. I ______ (research) exchange programs for a couple of weeks and finally (decide) on a school in the United States. Well, it ______ (work). I ______ (live) and ______ (study) in the U.S. for more than two years. I ______ (stay) here for at least another year before I return home. By then, I should be completely fluent.
Ex.30. Choose the correct form of the verb. 1.They are happy their child _______ the University. a) entered b) has entered c) had entered 2. They were happy their child_______ the University. a) entered b) has entered c) had entered 3. At this time two weeks ago we _______ on the beach. a) lay b) were lying c) lied 4. I was glad he _______ from this business trip. a) returned b) has returned c) had returned 5. I _______ impressed with his car when I saw it yesterday. a) hasn’t been b) wasn’t c) hadn’t been. 6. My parents were angry because I ________ my last exam. a) hasn’t passed b) didn’t pass c) hadn’t passed 7. When she came home, her son _______ . a) had dinner b) have dinner c) is having dinner 8. Our manager signed the documents and _______ upstairs. a) has gone b) went c) had gone 9. How many times _______ him since he went to London? a) did you see b) have you seen c) saw 10. Mary (1) _______ the room while John (2) ________ the dinner. (1) a) cleans b) was cleaning c) has cleaned (2) a) makes b) has made c) was making
Ex.31. Correct the mistakes if there are any.
Ex.32.TranslateintoEnglish.
Скільки часу тривала дискусія, перш ніж вони прийшли до компромісу?
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