Англійська мова

Англійська мова 16.08.2016 06:09

Контрольна робота 8

 

Варіант 1

International trade and resources  (1)

 

1.   People have traded in one form or another since the dawn of the time, and most of the great powers in history have also been famous traders: the Phoenicians and the Greeks; medieval Venice and Elizabethan England; the early American colonies and modern Japan. It seems obvious that great benefits are obtained from trading, but there has always been the underlying suspicion that someone also loses as a result. For many, a great trading nation is one that always manages to come out on top during trade negotiations.  The writers immediately preceding Adam Smith thought it was part of the natural state of affairs that there are always winners and losers in trade. It was the job of policy-makers, they felt, to ensure that their own country was on the winning side. 

 2.   It took the mind of Adam Smith, however, to see that whenever two people enter into a voluntary agreement to trade, both parties must gain as a result. Trade is to the advantage of both parties; otherwise it would not take place. When we look at international trade between nations, it is not really nations that trade, but individual people and firms who buy from other foreign individuals and firms.  They hope to gain something as a result, and what they give up in return (usually money) is of less value to you than the thing you obtain in return.

         3.   There, in essence, is the main argument for trade: why make something yourself if you can buy it cheaper elsewhere? An additional consideration is the fact that there are some things that individuals and firms are incapable of making, or that they could make only after extensive training and with the help of very expensive equipment. For example a country will have a great advantage in producing and trading pineapples, if it possesses the right type of soil and climate. But the same country may well be at a disadvantage in growing coniferous trees. Some countries are well endowed in certain areas while they are impoverished in others.

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

      велика держава, користь ( прибуток ); втрачати; вдаватися щось зробити; переговори;

      природній стан справи; гарантувати, угода; отримувати; міжнародна торгівля; бути

      позбавленим чогось

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

     великая держава, выгода (прибыль); терять; суметь что-то сделать; переговоры;

     естественное состояние дел; гарантировать, договор; получать; международная

     торговля; быть лишенным чего-либо

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 3.

     Переведите письменно абзац 3.

 

III. Випишіть з тексту дієслівні форми, що закінчуються на -ing. Визначте,чі  це Gerund

      або Present Participle та перекладіть їх.

      Выпишите из текста формы глагола, заканчивающиеся на-ing. Определите, что это -

      Gerund  или Present Participle и переведите их.

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 1 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 1 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What was the attitude to trade before Adam Smith?
2. What is the essence of Adam Smith’s theory of trade?

 

Варіант 2

International trade and resources  (2)

 

1.   It is often suggested that the prime reason a country trades is in order to buy resources that it does not naturally possess. Although there is some truth in this, it often obscures the main motivation. Canada, for instance, is not endowed with a warm and sunny climate throughout the year and is unable to produce bananas commercially. The reason it does not grow bananas is not because it cannot, but because it is cheaper to buy them from countries that possess the necessary resources at lower cost. Most countries, then, can often overcome a resource deficiency by using different methods or other resources, but it does not make sense if this production method results in more expensive products than those obtainable from abroad. 

       2.    Another country has an advantage in producing electronic equipment if it has the right capital, the technical expertise, and a well-educated labour force. It may not, however, be able to compete with other countries in raising sheep. Some countries are well endowed in certain areas while they are impoverished in others. Japan has a well-educated and motivated work force, possesses great technical expertise, and is highly capitalized, yet it is very poorly provided with arable land and possesses very few mineral resources.

     3.    A country will gravitate to producing in those areas where, because of its own factor endowments, it possesses a cost advantage over other producing countries: Canada produces wheat, lumber, and minerals; Colombia produces coffee; Malaysia produces rubber; Japan produces electronic equipment; and so on. This is no more or less than what Adam Smith proposed when he put forward his theory of absolute advantage. Nations, like firms and individuals, should specialize in producing goods and services in which they have an advantage, and they should trade with other countries for goods and services in which they do not enjoy an advantage. That is the essence of international trade.

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

володіти ( мати); досвід ( знання, уміння ); побороти, закінчуватися, конкурувати; теорія абсолютної переваги; основа ( суть ); бути позбавленим чогось;  прагнути виробництва, електронне обладнання     

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

      владеть (иметь); опыт (знания, умения); преодолеть, привести (к), конкурировать;

      теория абсолютного преимущества; основа (суть); быть лишенным чего-либо;

      стремиться к производству, электронное оборудование

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 1.

     Переведите письменно абзац 1.

 

III. Випишіть з тексту речення з модальними дієсловами та перекладіть їх.

      Выпишите из текста предложения с модальными глаголами и переведите их.

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 3 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 3 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1.   How can countries overcome a resource deficiency?

            2.    What is the essence of international trade?

 

Варіант 3

 

 Multinational Management

 

1.   Different authors attempted to profile the typical ‘multinational manager’. According to their collective portrait, he (or presumably she) will be a college graduate with M.B.A. degree, will speak fluently at least one foreign language, will be able to work effectively in different cultures, will understand customs, business and political system of the country where his company operates and will also have a broader, global outlook. Multinational managers spend much of their time working overseas. They have to deal with people who have a different language, customs, religion and business practices. Misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication might arise on different points. Some of them are: status, interpersonal relationship, loyalty, nepotism and courtesy.

2.  Status. The Protestant cultures such as the USA. Canada, Great Britain, Germany are essentially individualist, where status has to be achieved. You don’t automatically respect people just because they’ve been in a company for many years. A young, dynamic, aggressive manager with M.B.A. can quickly rise in the hierarchy. In most Latin and Asian countries, on the contrary, status is automatically accorded to the boss, who is more likely to be in his fifties or sixties than in his thirties. This is particularly true in Japan, where companies traditionally have a policy of promotion by seniority. Interpersonal relationship is another point to be taken into consideration. Latin Americans put such considerations as quality of interpersonal relationship, trust, and mutual understanding over efficiency, costs, timing and deadlines. In contrast, Americans are amazed that anyone can put such considerations over profit.

3.   Nepotism. American managers found that work in Saudi Arabia is not considered a central life interest, and that family responsibilities take priority. In the Arab world, what westerners consider nepotism, i.e. obligation to family and relatives, comes before the job and company. Courtesy. One of the greatest difficulties in communication multinationally is the concept of what is polite. The Chinese, as well as many Asian peoples, have a great fear of offending others while American communication style of praise and criticism causes great discomfort. Managers working abroad need various skills.

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

      намагатися, той, хто закінчив вищий навчальний заклад, працювати за кордоном, мати

      справу, міжособові відносини, кумовсьтво, ввічливість, добиватися/надавати статус,

      брати до уваги, взаємопоразуміння, кінцевий строк, прибуток

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

      пытаться, выпускник, работать за рубежом, иметь дело, межличностные отношения,

      кумовство, вежливость, добиваться/присваивать статус, принимать во внимание,  

      взаимопонимание, конечный срок, прибыль

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 1.

     Переведите письменно абзац 1.

 

III. Випишіть з тексту речення з модальними дієсловами та перекладіть їх.

      Выпишите из текста предложения с модальными глаголами и переведите их.

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 2 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 2 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the profile of a typical ‘multinational manager’?
2. What can cause misunderstanding in international management?

 

Варіант 4

MANAGERS AND THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

 

1. Many different forces outside and inside an organization influence manager’s performance. The managerial functions of planning, organizing, and controlling must be accomplished under constantly changing conditions. Managers must deal with both the external and the internal environment. The external environment includes all the forces acting on the organization from the outside. Customers, competitors, suppliers, and human resources are some of the obvious forces in an organization’s external environment. Other not so obvious forces include technological, economic, political, legal, regulatory, cultural, social, and international forces.

2. The internal environment includes the day-to-day forces within the organization in which managers perform their functions. For example, the level in the organization where management is performed has implications for managerial performance: top-level managers do different things than middle-level managers, who, in turn, do different things than first-level managers. Coping with managerial demands in the internal environment requires managers to have different skills and to perform different roles. Skill requirements and role performance are important forces in the internal environment.

3. Individuals often limit their perspective of an organization to the elements and activities that exist within the organization: the employees, managers, equipment, tools, procedures, and other elements that combine to create the organization’s product or service. However, this perspective is sorely limited. A complete picture of any organization must include its external environment, the large arena that exists outside the organization and comprises many varied forces that impact the organization’s structure, processes, and performance. These forces may be direct, exerting an immediate and direct influence on the organization, or they may be indirect, influencing the climate in which the organization operates (and becoming direct forces under some conditions).

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

впливати на роботу менеджера, мати справу, зовнішнє та внутрішнє середовище, конкуренти, постачальники, виконувати функції, справлятися, вимагати,  обмежувати, створювати продукт

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

     влиять на работу менеджера, иметь дело, внешняя и внутренняя среда, конкуренты,

     поставщики, выполнять функции, справляться, требовать, ограничивать, создавать

     продукт.

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 1.

     Переведите письменно абзац  .

 

III. Випишіть з тексту дієслівні форми, що закінчуються на -ing. Визначте,чі  це Gerund

      або Present Participle та перекладіть їх.

      Выпишите из текста формы глагола, заканчивающиеся на-ing. Определите, что это -

      Gerund  или Present Participle и переведите их.

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 2 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 2 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What environment must managers deal with?
2. What forces does the internal environment include?

 

Варіант 5

 

TRADE BLOCS AND FREE TRADE

 

1.  Regional groupings based on economics became increasingly important in the 1990s. Thirty-two such groupings are found to exist: three in Europe, four in the Middle East, five in Asia, and ten each in Africa and the Americas. Trade within the three major blocs, American, Euro­pean, and Asian, has grown rapidly, while trading among these blocs or with outsiders is either declining or growing far more moderately.

2.  Some of these groupings around the world have the superstructure of nation-states (such as the European Union), some (such as the ASEAN Free Trade Area) are multinational agreements that may be more political arrangements than cohesive trading blocs at present. Regional economic integration in Asia has been driven more by market forces than by treaties and by a need to maintain balance in negotiations with Europe and North America.  Companies are facing ever-intensifying competition and trading difficulties for sales inside a bloc. In the long term, firms encounter pressure to globalize and source locally. Actions of these global companies may also cause fears that regional blocs are nothing but protectionism.

3.   The benefits of free trade and stable exchange rates are available only if nation-states are willing to give up some measure of independence and autonomy. This has resulted in increased economic integration around the world with agreements among countries to establish links through movement of goods, services, capital, and labour across borders. Economic integration is something between a truly global economy, in which all countries share a common currency and agreed to a free flow of goods, services, and factors of production, and at the same time there may be a number of closed economies, each independent and self-sufficient. The level of integration defines the nature and degree of economic links among countries.

 

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

існувати, основні блоки, швидко зростати, міжнаціональна угода, політичний устрій,

рінкові сили, угода, перемовини, стабільний курс обміну валют, відмовлятися

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

      существовать, основные блоки, быстро расти, межнациональное соглашение,                                                                                                                            

      политические договоренности, рыночные силы, договор, переговоры, стабильный курс  

      обмена валют, отказаться

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 3.

     Переведите письменно абзац 3.

 

III. Випишіть з тексту форми Present Participle і Past Participle у дві колонки.    

      Перекладіть їх.

      Выпишите из текста формы Present Participle и Past Participle в две колонки.

      Переведите их.

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 1 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 1 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. How many regional groupings can you name? What are they?
2. What are companies facing today?

 

Варіант 6

 

Implementing global programs

 

1.   The successful global companies will be those who can achieve a balance between the local and the regional/global concerns. Pitfalls that handicap global programs and contribute to their suboptimal performance include market-related reasons, such as insufficient research and a tendency to overstandardize, as well as internal reasons such as inflexibility in planning and implementation.

2.   Organizational resources have to be used as a reality check for any strategic choice. Industrial giants with deep pockets may be able to establish a presence in any market they wish, while more thinly capitalized companies may have to move cautiously. Human resources may also present a challenge for market expansion. A survey of multinational corporations revealed that good marketing managers, skilled technicians, and production managers were especially difficult to find. This difficulty grows when the search is for people with cross-cultural experience to run future regional operations.

3.   At this stage it is imperative that the company assess its own readiness for the moves necessary as well as its readiness to face the competitive environment. In many cases this has meant painful decisions to focus on certain industries and leave others. For example, Nokia, the world’s second largest manufacturer of cellular phones, started its rise in the industry when a decision was made at the company in 1992 to focus on digital cellular phones and sell off dozens of other product lines. By focusing its efforts on this line, the company was able to bring new products to market quickly, build scale economies into its manufacturing, and concentrate on its customers thereby communicating a commitment to their needs.

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

      помилки, недостатні досліждення, негнучке планування, виклик, поширення/розвиток, 

       оцінювати, виробник, зосереджуватися (на)

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

      ошибки, недостаточные исследования, негибкое планирование, вызов,  

      расширение/развитие, оценивать, производитель, сосредоточиться (на)

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 3.

     Переведите письменно абзац 3.

 

III. Випишіть з тексту речення з модальними дієсловами та перекладіть їх.

      Выпишите из текста предложения с модальными глаголами и переведите их.

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 2 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 2 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What global companies are regarded as successful?
2. Do industrial giants and more thinly capitalized companies have equal opportunities to establish a presence in any market they wish?

 

Варіант 7

 

THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATE PHENOMENON (1)

 

 

1.   Multinational entities have played a role in international trade for more than 300 years. The beginnings of these operations can be traced to the British and Dutch trading companies and, after their decline, to European overseas investments, mainly in the extractive industries. The phenomenon known today is the result of the lead taken by U.S.-based companies in the post-World War II period and later followed by western European and Japanese entities. 

2. Similarly, there is an abundance of definitions. The United Nations defines multinational corporations as “enterprises that own or control production or service facilities outside the country they are based in.”  Certain minimal criteria have been proposed that firms must satisfy to be regarded as multinational. The number of countries of operation is typically two, although the Harvard multinational enterprise project required subsidiaries in six or more nations. Another measure is the proportion of overall revenue generated from foreign operations. Although no agreement exists as to the exact percentage to be used, 25 to 30 percent is most often cited. One proposal is that the degree of involvement in foreign markets has to be substantial enough to make a difference in decision-making.

3.  However, production abroad does not necessarily indicate a multinational corporation. The endeavour of the firm is the determining factor. If the firm is to be categorized as a multinational corporation, its management must consider it to be multinational and must act accordingly. In terms of management philosophies, firms can be categorized as ethnocentric (home-market oriented), polycentric (oriented toward individual foreign markets), or geocentric (oriented toward larger areas, even the global market­place). However, the term should be reserved for firms that view their domestic operation as a part of worldwide (or region wide) operations and direct an integrated business system. The definition excludes polycentric firms, which may be comparable to holding companies.

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

      занепад, іноземні інвестиції, явище, підприємство, велика кількість, кількість, філія,

      доход, прийняття рішень, намагання/зусилля

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

спад, иностранные инвестиции, явление, предприятие, множество, количество, филиал, доход, принятие решений, попытка/усилие

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 2.

     Переведите письменно абзац 2.

 

III. Випишіть з тексту приклади інфінітиву у Active Voice i Passive Voice. Перекладіть.

      Выпишите из текста примеры инфинитива в Active Voice и Passive Voice. Переведите.

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 3 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 3 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. How far historically can multinational entities be traced?
2. What criteria have been proposed for defining firms as multinational?

 

Варіант 8

 

THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATE PHENOMENON (2)

 

1.  There is an abundance of definitions. The United Nations defines multinational corporations as “enterprises that own or control production or service facilities outside the country in which they are based.”  Certain minimal criteria have been proposed for firms to satisfy to be regarded as multinational. Both quantitative and qualitative criteria are important in the defining task. The key criteria are that the firm controls its production facilities abroad and manages them (and its domestic operations) in a reintegrated fashion in pursuit of global opportunities.

2.   Many of the world’s largest corporate entities are larger economically than most of their host nations. Some operate in over 100 countries; for example, IBM has operations in 132 nations. The economic power of MNCs is enormous; according to one estimate, 500 largest industrial corporations account for 80 percent of the world’s direct investment and ownership of foreign affiliates. The impact of multinationals varies by industry sector and by country. In oil, multinational corporations still command 30 percent of production. Their share in refining and marketing is still 45 percent. In several agribusiness sectors such as pineapples, multinationals account for approximately 60 percent of the world output.

3.  The importance of the world marketplace to multinational corporations also varies. The foreign sales share of total sales for the world’s largest industrial corporations has increased steadily. The percentage will naturally vary by industry (for example, oil company ratios are well over half) and by the country of origin. For many European-based companies, domestic sales may be less than 10 percent of overall sales. In 1997, for example, as a percentage of total worldwide sales, Philips’s sales in Holland were 4 percent. Comparable figures for U.S.–based companies, such as Johnson & Johnson are about 50 percent. However, production abroad does not necessarily indicate a multinational corporation.

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

      володіти, задовільняти критеріям, оцінка, прямі капіталовкладення, вплив, всесвітне

      виробництво, продаж, відрізнятися, частка/доля, порівняльни показники

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

      владеть, удовлетворять критериям, оценка, прямые капиталовложения, влияние,

      мировое производство, продажи, отличаться, часть/доля, сравниваемые показатели

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 1.

     Переведите письменно абзац 1.

 

III. Випишіть з тексту неособові форми дієслова – Infinitive, Gerund, Participle (Present

      and Past) та перекладіть їх.

      Выпишите из текста неличные формы глагола – Infinitive, Gerund, Participle (Present

      and Past) и переведите их.

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 2 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 2 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the key criteria in defining a multinational firm?
2. What does the foreign sales share of the world’s largest industrial corporations show?

 

Варіант 9

 

CORPORATIONS

 

1.   Although there are many small and medium-sized com­panies, big business units play а dominant role in the world economy. There are several reasons for this. Large companies саn supply goods and services to а greater number of people, and they frequently operate more efficiently than small ones, in addi­tion, they often саn sell their products at lower prices because of the large volume and small costs per unit sold. They have an advantage in the marketplace because many consumers are attracted to well-known brand names, which they believe guar­antee а certain level of quality.

2.   Large businesses are important to the overall economy because they tend to have more financial resources than small firms to conduct research and develop new goods. And they gen­erally offer more varied job opportunities and greater job stabil­ity, higher wages, and better health and retirement benefits. Nevertheless, many have viewed large companies with some ambivalence, recognizing their important contribution to economic well-being but worrying that they could become so powerful as to stifle new enterprises and deprive consumers of choice. Large corporations could not have grown to their present size without being able tо find innovative ways to raise capital to finance expansion.

3.   Corporations base five primary methods for obtaining money: issuing bonds, issuing stock, selling stock, borrowing, using profits. Corporations benefit by issuing bonds because the inter­est rates they must pay investors are generally lower than rates for most other types of borrowing. A company may choose to issue new "preferred' stock to raise capital. Companies can also raise short-term capital by getting loans from banks or other lenders or finance their operations by retaining their earnings. Modern corporation, often employing hundreds or even thousands of workers, assumed increased importance.

 

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

      постачати товари та послуги, об’ем, витрати, ціна, перевага, гарантувати якість,  

      проводити дослідження, заробляти капітал, облігація, акція, прибуток

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

      поставлять товары и услуги, объем, расходы, цена, преимущество, гарантировать

      качество, проводить исследования, зарабатывать капитал, облигация, акция, прибыль

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 2.

     Переведите письменно абзац 2.

 

III. Випишіть з тексту неособові форми дієслова – Infinitive, Gerund, Participle (Present

      and Past) та перекладіть їх.

      Выпишите из текста неличные формы глагола – Infinitive, Gerund, Participle (Present

      and Past) и переведите их.

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу 3 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 3 и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why do big business units play а dominant role in the world economy today?
2. What is their advantage in the market place?

 

Варіант 10

 

FINANCIAL MARKET

 

1. The financial market consists of different types of financial institutions. All of these institutions have one thing in common: they are intermediaries and act as agents between households, businesses, and governments that have funds available for lending and others who want to borrow these funds. Banks are the biggest borrowers and lenders. Other institutions came into existence because banks were originally forbidden to provide certain types of loans. Mortgage companies specialized in giving long-term loans (mortgages) for people wishing to purchase real estate like houses or apartments. Trust companies looked after pensions and trust accounts of both firms and individuals. Credit unions sprang up because many small firms were unable to obtain loans from the banks.

2. The financial market can be divided into the money market and the capital market. Money market usually deals in loans with terms of less than three years, whereas capital markets are for longer- term loans. Long-term loans take the form of bonds. Suppose, that you are a big firm interested in obtaining funds to finance a major expansion. You could, of course, apply for a loan from one of the various financial institutions. But why bother? Why not cut out the agent and go directly to the public? Consequently, many corporations, as well as the federal’ provincial, and municipal governments, sell bonds directly to the public. These bonds are for a fixed term and pay a fixed rate of interest. Generally speaking, shorter-term bonds pay a lower interest rate than longer-term bonds. As well, bonds issued by governments and larger corporations pay a lower interest rate than those of smaller or newer firms.

3. The capital market deals not only in bonds but also in stocks. A corporation could issue either bonds or stocks, and both bring new funds into the firm. These instruments are easily negotiable, which means holders can freely sell them in the market. The main difference between these two financial instruments is that the holder of a bond is a creditor of the corporation, whereas the holder of stock (the shareholder) is a part-owner of the firm. If the corporation is successful, the shareholder will share in that success and get part of the profits, in the form of dividends, but may get no return at all if the firm struggles. The bondholder, on the other hand, will simply receive a fixed amount of interest, regardless of the performance of the firm. 

 

I.   Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

     фінансові установи, посередники, кредит, нерухомість, облігації, акції, поширення,

     фіксований курс, акціонер, власник облігації.

 

     Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

     финансовые учреждения, посредники, кредит, недвижимость, облигации, акции,

     расширение, фиксированный курс, акционер, владелец облигации

 

II. Перекладіть письмово абзац 2 .

     Переведите письменно абзац 2 .

 

III. Випишіть з тексту приклади інфінітиву у Active Voice i Passive Voice. Перекладіть.

      Выпишите из текста примеры инфинитива в Active Voice и Passive Voice. Переведите.

 

 

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзацу1 та запишіть їх.

      Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацу 1  и запишите их.

 

V.  Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

      Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What do all financial institutions have in common?
2. How can the financial market be divided?