Англійська мова КНТЕУ 12.08.2015 09:54
UNIT 1
ENGLISH AS A MEANS OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
People speak English not only in Great Britain and the United States. Britain has more than 56 million inhabitants who speak English as their native language. Altogether-about 3S0 million people in the world speak English as their first language. It is an official language in more than 60 countries and this means that another 160 million people use English as their second language.
Over two thirds of the world's scientists write in English. Three quarters of the world's mail is in English. 85% of the information in computers in the world is in English, too.
English is also the language of pop music, advertising and teaching.
India has 15 main languages and hundreds of dialects, but English is the language of parliament, legal and medical professions. There are over a thousand newspapers in
India in the English language.
It is necessary for you to speak English if you work for an international airline. The control tower communicates with pilots all over the world in English. Almost all multi-national companies do business in English. When a German company director meets a customer from Greece to discuss anew project and to sign a contract, they talk to each other in the English language.
Everywhere industrial companies label their products in English. It is not because Britain and the United States are the biggest export markets in the world, but because English has become an international language.
But today it is not only an international language, it is also studied as a business language. In order to master business English you must first acquire a thorough knowledge of everyday English with its grammar, vocabulary and rules of word-formation. Then it will be easy for you to learn, step by step, the peculiarities of business English.
Task 2. Suggest the Ukrainian for the following words and word combinations from the text
не тільки
більше ніж
мешканці
рідна мова
офіційна мова
світові вчені
пошта світу
сотні діалектів
юридичні та медичні професії
обговорювати новий проект
підписати контракт
промислові компанії
для того щоб
крок за кроком
особливості
Task 3. Answer these questions
1. Name some countries where English is the first language.
2. Why is English so popular?
3. How many people altogether speak English?
4. What is the language of international business and why?
5. What are your reasons for studying this language?
Task 4. Write the sentences and translate them
English
is a foreign language to me
spoken in many countries
a truly international language
my favourite subject
the mother tongue of nearly three hundred million people
Task 5. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words in brackets
1. Please the last word. (say, understand, repeat)
2. I can read English but I cannot it. (say, tell, speak)
3. I know grammar well, but my is poor, (language, pronunciation, meaning)
Task 6. Answer the questions
Do you study a foreign language?
Do you speak English?
Do you have English lessons every day?
Are your lessons interesting?
Are you sometimes tired after lessons?
Why do you study foreign languages?
Why cannot you speak English well?
Why do you learn grammar?
Task 7. Complete the following sentences
1. Is there anybody who speaks ?
2. If you want to speak well, you .
3. The word combination "mother tongue" means .
4. English is spoken in .
Task 8. Translate into English
1. Англійська мова — мій улюблений предмет.
2. Бага¬то людей говорять англійською мовою.
3. Англійською мо¬вою говорять у Великобританії, США, Канаді.
4. Чи ви розмовляєте англійською мовою?
5. Англійська мова є міжнародною.
6. Багато англійських слів мають кілька значень.
Task 9. Give synonyms to the words in bold type
1. What English-speaking countries do you know?
2. What is his mother tongue?
3. To know a foreign lan¬guage is very important nowadays.
4. He knows French very well.
5. Can you translate this sentence?
Task 10. Make up your own dialogues using the following word combinations
mother tongue, to speak a little, to study English, voca¬bulary, be of great importance, have a good command of.
Task 11. Translate into English the following sentences pay¬ing attention to the nouns
1. У нашій майбутній роботі дуже важливе знання анг¬лійської мови. 2. Як ви сподіваєтеся скласти іспит з англій¬ської мови цього року? 3. Я почав вивчати англійську мову ще в школі. 4. Тепер діти починають вивчати англійську мову самостійно. 5. Ви добре володієте англійською мо¬вою. 6. Я хотів би мати міцні знання з розмовної анг¬лійської мови. 7. Запам'ятайте мою пораду: чим більше ви будете спілкуватися іноземною мовою, тим ви навчитеся розмовляти нею.
UNIT 2
GREAT BRITAIN
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
SOME FACTS ABOUT THE UNITED KINGDOM
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is sometimes
It is situated on two large islands, the larger of which is Great Britain, the smaller is Ireland and over five hundred small islands. Great Britain is the largest island in Europe. But the United Kingdom is one of the world's smallest countries. Its population is about 57 million.
It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel and the North Sea. So Great Britain is surrounded by water on all sides. The U.K. consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Each of the four parts consist of a few countries.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. England and Northern Ireland has beautiful valleys and plains, but Scotland and Wales are mountainous. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m.). The rivers in Great Britain are not long but main of them are deep. The Severn is the longest river while the Thames is the deepest and the most important because the capital of the U.K. London stands on it. Thanks to the Gulf Stream the climate of Great Britain is mild, temperate, and wet. The summer is not very hot and the winter is not very cold. It is often foggy and rainy. Winter temperature seldom falls bellow zero.
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. It means that there is a Queen (or a King) and the Parliament. The Queen is formally at the head of the state, her powers are limited. She acts only on the advice of the ministers and the Parliament.
The British Parliament consists of two chambers: The House of Lords and The House of Commons. There are more than 1000 members in the House of Lords. Many seats are hereditary.
The House of Commons has 635 members. They are elected by a general election.
Here is the list of the counties of the UK:
Antrim
Armagh
Avon
Bedford
Berkshire
Borders
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Central
Cheshire
Cleveland
Clwyd
Cornwall
Cumbria
Derbyshire
Devon
Dorset
Down
Dumfries & Galloway
Durham
Dyfed
East Sussex
Essex
Fermanagh Fife
Gloucester
Grampian
Greater Manchester
Gwent
Gwynedd
Hampshire
Hereford & Worces-ter
Hertford
Highland
Humberside
Isle of Wight
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincoln
Londonderry
Lothian
Mid Yorkshire
Merseyside
Mid Glamorgan
Norfolk
Northampton
Northumberland
Nottinghamshire
Orkney
Oxfordshire
Powys
South Glamorgan
South Yorkshire
Salop
Shetland
Somerset
Staffordshire
Strathclyde
Suffolk
Surrey
Tayside
Tyne & Wear
Tyrone
West Glamorgan
West Sussex
Warwickshire
Western Isles
Western Midlands
Wiltshire
Yorkshire
Task 2. Suggest the Ukrainian for the following words and word combinations from the text
бути розташованим
великі острови
більший менший
найбільший острів
найменша країна світу
населення
омиватися
бути в оточенні
складатися
декілька графств
поверхня
змінюватися дуже сильно
прекрасні долини та рівнини
гірнистий гори
глибокий
найбільш важливий
столиця
помірний вологий
на чолі
обмежений
палати
успадкований
вибирати (на виборах)
загальні вибори
Task 3. Make up sentences and translate them
Great Britain is
London is a highly developed industrial country
situated on the British Isles
divided into 55 counties
a parliamentary monarchy
washed by the North Sea
the Irish Sea
known for its fogs and frequent rains
situated in the Atlantic Ocean
one of the greatest cities in the world
situated on the banks of the River Thames
the capital of Great Britain
the cradle of British tradition and culture
divided into four main parts
Task 4. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words
1. Great Britain ..................................... on the British Isles, (is situated, lies, stands).
2. Agriculture is one of the largest and most im¬portant .......................................... in Great Britain. (work, activities, occupation).
3. The language spoken here is English, but Welshmen, Scotsmen, and Irishmen ...................................... their own language in addition to English, (talk, say, tell, speak).
4. The British museum is ................................... for its library reading-room and the collection of ma¬nuscripts, (well-known, famous, marvellous).
5. Big Ben, the famous .................................... is in one of the Towers. (square, monument, clock).
Task 5. Make up questions and answer them
What
Where
is
are
is
does the capital of Great Britain?
the total area of Great Britain?
its population?
the climate of Great Britain?
the main industrial centres?
London situated?
Great Britain situated?
the Queen live when she is in London?
Task 6. Complete the following sentences
1. Great Britain is formally known as
2. Coal is the main source for the development of
3. The main centre of cotton and woolen industry is
4. Great Britain is known for its typically maritime climate with
5. The Parliament is the supreme legislative body and consists of two
6. Shipbuilding is one of the principal of Great Britain.
Task 7. Translate into English
1. Лондон є важливим адміністративним, промисловим, науковим і культурним центром. 2. Англія славиться своєю історією і красою. 3. Я знаю, що Ви цікавитеся церквами та історичними місцями. 4. Здається, в нас є можливість по¬дивитися визначні місця Лондона. 5. Англія поділяється на 55 адміністративних графств. 6. Ця країна відома своїм типовим приморським кліматом з тривалими дощами. 7. Лондон, як і Рим, будувався не один день, i оглянути його за один день неможливо.
Task 8. Give synonyms to the words in bold type
1. One of the well-known museums is the British mu¬seum with its library and the collection of manuscripts .
2. London consists of four main parts: the City, Westminst¬er, the West End and the East End .
3. Westminster is a good place to start sightseeing .
4. Londoners spend their week¬ends in the parks .
5. Great Britain has a common border on¬ly with Ireland .
6. On the border between England and Scot¬land there is the range of hills, called the Cheviot Hills .
Task 9. Complete the following dialogue
A: Excuse me. I am a stranger in London. Is it possible to see anything of London in a day or two?
B:
A:What do you think I ought to see first?
B:
A: How long will it take me to get there?
B:
A: Thank you very much.
Task 10. Make up your own dialogue tising the following expressions
to consist of, to be situated, a highly developed industrial country, to be washed by the sea, parliamentary monarchy, the House of Commons, the House of Lords, overcrowded houses, places associated with, to go sightseeing, to see as many places of interest as possible.
Task 11. Make up sentences and translate them
The guide said
The guide mentioned
The tourist says
The tourist said
The tourist ask
The passer-by asked
The passer-by asks
that London had become a prosperous trading centre during the Middle Ages
that he would like to visit the National Gallery
that for nearly 1000 years all the kings and queens had been crowned in Westminster Abbey that he will see the sights of Lon¬don tomorrow
whether he was on the right way tö St. Paul's Cathedral to show him the nearest way to Whitehall
whether they will see the ceremony of changing of the Guards near the Buckingham Palace
Task 12. Translate into English
1. Туристи попросили показати їм якнайбільше визнач¬них місць. 2. Екскурсовод відповів, що завтра ми огляне¬мо всі визначні місця Лондона. 3. Мій друг повідомив, що матиме нагоду побувати у Великобританії. 4. Мій одно¬курсник розповів мені, що бачив церемонію зміни варти біля Букінгемського палацу. 5. Викладач сказав нам, що зараз він пише наукову статтю «Собор Св. Павла - шедевр архітектури XVI століття». 6. Вона говорить, що Лондон було засновано 2000 років тому. 7. Екскурсовод розповідає, що у Вестмінстерському абатстві поховано ба-гато видатних людей. Великобританії.
UNIT 3
NON-FOOD STUFFS
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
SOME KINDS OF NON-FOOD STUFFS
Many trade organizations display different kinds of outdoor and light indoor wear at annual fairs. A wide range of clothing and foot wearing compel customer's attention.
The traditional and most widely accepted system of classifying non¬food stuffs consists of some categories: clothing, footwear haberdashery, perfumery, sporting goods, textiles, rockery and glass wear, household goods, electric appliances, jewellery, stationary, toys, etc.
Traditionally clothing may be divided into three groups according to the sex and age of a person: men's wear, women's wear and children's wear. But nowadays women's wear is gradually becoming identical in many cases with men's wear. The names of many articles of clothes are the same in men's and women's wear; for example, heavy-weight, light-weight coats, rain-coats, two-piece and three-piece suits, trousers, shorts, jackets, anoraks, cloaks, cardigans, pullovers, slipovers, sweaters, vests, shirts, etc. The opposite trend in clothing development is the diversity of types of clothes. For example, women's dresses unite a multipurpose dress, a Jumper dresses, a dress and a vest, a print dress, a dinner dress, an evening dress, etc. The name "trousers" may include slacks, pants, jeans, cords, each with its own peculiarity.
The dressing of children move now towards the miniaturization of adult fashion, including cords, velour skirts and stretch, jeans, dresses and suits. There is a heavier emphasis on the differentiation between boy's and girl's clothes, except for same articles (jeans, sweaters, shirts, etc.).
Speaking about clothing it's impossible not to mention footwear. Footwear is used not only for completing costumes. It has much more important functions, such as to protect the sole of the foot from the heat, cold, dampness, dirt of the ground; to protect the upper part of the foot and even the leg from the cold, rain, insects or other bites; to assist the foot to perform some abnormal task in sport, dancing, in some trades; to overcome the abnormalities of the foot itself. In the department stores you can buy many varieties of food: furlined boots, bootees (low shoes), dressy courts, bare footed shoes, evening (dancing) shoes, overshoes, slippers and so on.
Textiles are divided into cotton, silk, wool, velvet, cotton velvet, tweed and so on. Besides clothing and footwear we need household utensils: crockery, china, electric appliances, cutlery, pots and pans, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, cameras, radio and television sets computers and many other things.
Haberdashery goods are handbags, combs, wallets and purses, pins and needles, thread, handkerchiefs, umbrellas, watches, clocks, gloves.
As for women, they and fashion are inseparable. Fashion may be achieved by using shoe variable, visible component: upper appearance (amount, material, decoration, and colour), so shape and height, heel height and shape, and fastening.
Many people try to have in their wardrobes cloth in natural colours and made of natural materials. The prices on such cloth are rather high, but it would be probably explained by the fact that consumers are looking for durability, value and quality and are prepared to make a purchase which will cost them more but which is expected to last them longer.
Task 2. Translate the following words. Consult a dictionary
annual, range, compel, fair, article, impossible, inseparable, shape, appearance, amount, variable, material, visible components, shape, heel height, fastening, sole, abnormalities, adult, fashion changes, behind, wardrobe, cloth, miniaturization, quality, explain.
Task 3. Suggest the Ukrainian for the following words and word combinations from the text
haberdashery goods
perfumery jewellery
textiles, crockery and glasswear
household goods
electric appliances
stationary toys
sporting goods
hosiery knitwear
hats linen
men's wear
women's wear
childrens wear
heavy-weight coats
light-weight coats
rain coats
anoraks cloaks
cardigans pullovers
sweaters shirts
cutlery shape
pots and pans
vacuum cleaners
washing machines
cameras fasterning
radio and television sets
computers
heel height
sole shape
Task 4. Find in the text English equivalents to Ukrainian words and word combinations:
взуття; асортимент; одяг; спортивні товари; галантерея; парфуми; тканини; посуд; фарфор; ювелірні вироби; предмети домашнього вжитку; канцтовари; жіночий одяг; чоловічий одяг; дитячий одяг; костюм; штани; предмети одягу; плащі; плаття; світер; відповідно до віку; стать людини; годинники; сумки; рукавички; пральні машини; радіо і телеприймачі; широкий вибір; невід'ємний; видимі компоненти.
Task 5. Match the words in column one with their synonyms in column two
1. range to deal
2. to sell to finish
3. categories kinds
4. to divide assortment
5. to complete to get over
6. to mention to do
7. differentiation to separate
8. varieties difference
9. display show
10. to perform types
11. to overcome to say
Task 6. According to the text, are the following statements true or false? If they are false, give the correct statement
1. Many trade organizations display different kinds of outdoor and light indoor wear at annual fairs………………………………..
2. The names of many articles of clothes are not the same in men's and women's wear………………………………..
3. The dressing of children move now towards the miniaturization of adult fashion……………………………….
4. Speaking about clothing it is impossible not to mention footwear……………………..
5. Footwear is used only for completing costume……………………………….
6. Most people try to have in their wardrobes cloth in natural colours and made of natural materials…………………………………….
7. Textiles are divided into cotton, silk, wool, velvet, etc…………………………….
Task 7. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words or phrase from the brackets given below
Although modern .............................................. have been of enormous benefit to people in general, they have created ... for manufacturers and retailers. Many different synthetic .................................................. and .................................................... have been
developed and can be made ...................................................... linen, cotton, silk, and wool even fur and leather. These are by no means ................................................... to the real thing; but is up to manufacturer and the shop where they label their goods clearly, so that the public know what they are getting. It is also essential that the .............................. should say how the garment ...................................................... A short time ago everyone wore .................................................... and know that cotton and linen could be boiled, white wool and silk must be ........................................................... Now a white shirt may look like cotton, but ........................................................ or wrung, just washed. Natural ............................................ are often mixed with artificial fibres in different proportions.
(resemble; special problems; fabrics; fibres are sold; fibres and fabrics; must be treated; natural fibres; handwashed)
Notes: fibres - волокно
fabrics – тканина
to resemble - бути схожим
Task 8. Look through the text again and answer the following questions
1. What kinds of non-food goods do you know?
2. What groups can clothing be divided traditionally?
3. What cloth do people prefer to have in their wardrobes?
4. What important function does footwear have? '
5. What is the most important factor in footwear designing?
6. Are women and fashion inseparable? Will you give you' reason?
7. What style of clothing do your prefer?
8. What clothes do our children wear now?
Task 9. Translate the following sentences into English
1. Вчора я купила шкіряні туфлі для свого чоловіка.
2. Хутряні чоботи будь-яких розмірів продаються на третьому поверсі у відділі чоловічого взуття.
3. Парфуми відомих іноземних фірм продаються в спеціалізованих магазинах. Ціни на них досить високі.
4. У чоловічій галантереї продається все для чоловіків, крім черевиків і костюмів.
5. У відділі шкіряних товарів великий вибір пасків, сумок, гаманців, рукавичок.
6. У магазинах мережі „Фокстрот" ви можете купити всі види електротоварів, а також аудіо та відео техніку.
7. В найбільшому магазині Європи - Harrods ви можете купити все — від голки до слона.
UNIT 4
FOOD STUFFS
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
FOOD TYPES
Producing a large enough quantity of food to feed the world's population is one of a number of complex and interrelated agricultural, economic and environmental food problems. The good news is that thanks to improved agricultural technologies, practices, policies, and trade, world food production increased by 140% between 1950 and 2000 and kept ahead of the rate of population on all continents except Africa. As a result, average per capita food production increased by more than 25%.
Foods can be classified into breads and cereals; pulses; tubers; vegetables and fruits; meat, fish, eggs; milk and milk products; fats and oils; and sugars, preserves, and syrups.
There are 80 000 edible species of plants, but only about 30 types of crops feed the world. Four crops - wheat, rice, corn and potato - make up more of the world's total food production than all others combined.
Breads and cereals include wheat, rice, corn, and millet. They are high in starches.
Pulses include a wide variety of beans, peas, lentils, grains, peanuts. Tubers include various kinds of potato. They are rich in starch and low in protein, but provide a variety of minerals and vitamins.
Vegetables and fruits are a direct source of many minerals and vitamins, especially vitamins C, A. Sodium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus are present in vegetables and fruits.
The common vegetables are: cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, carrots, beets, onions, French beans, dill, parsley, etc.
The common fruits are: apples, pears, plums, apricots, peaches, oranges, lemons, grapefruits, etc.
The world's food also includes fish, meat, meat products. Almost all the meat comes from just nine groups of livestock: cattle, sheep, swine, chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, goats, and water buffalo. All meats contain fats, proteins, water, salts, carbohydrates, pigments. Vitamin A is found in fat meats. Liver and kidneys are also rich in vitamin A and folic acid, iron and B-vitamins.
Today consumption of poultry is growing throughout the whole world. This is partly because poultry meat tends to be inexpensive compared with other kinds of meat, and partly because people are more aware of the danger of cholesterol and concerned by the health problems and ecological damage found
Milk and milk products include whole milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, ice cream, all of which are well known for their abundant protein, phosphorus, and especially calcium.
Fats and oils include butter, lard, vegetable oils. They are all high in calories.
Sugars, preserves, and syrups are heavily consumed in more affluent countries, where they make up a large portion of the carbohydrate intake.
Task 2. Translate the following words
quantity, interrelated, environmental, cereals, preserve, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, cauliflower, pear, carbohydrates, protein, kidneys, consumption, poultry, cholesterol, damage, syrups, consume.
Task 3. Suggest the Ukrainian for the following words and word , combinations from the text
economic and environmental food problems
world food production
rate of population
average tubers
fats and oils
edible species of plants
peanuts peas
magnesium manganese
cauliflower carrots
french beans dill
parsley apricots
livestock cattle
sheep turkeys
geese folic acid
tends to be inexpensive compared with other kinds of meat
to be associated with the consumption of red meat
whole milk lard
they are high in calories
are heavily consumed in affluent countries
Task 4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations
досить велика кількість продуктів
вдосконалені сільськогосподарські технології
торгівля
збільшилось на ...
виробництво на душу населення
харчові продукти поділяються на ...
консерви сиропи
хлібний злак
бути багатим на ...
джерело багатьох мінеральних речовин
буряки цибуля
груші сливи
качки гуси
містити вуглеводи
споживання домашньої птиці
люди розуміють небезпеку холестерину
добре відомі великою кількістю протеїну
споживання вуглеводів
Task 5. Find in the text the words and phrases which have the following meanings
to give food to -
enlarged part of an underground stem, egg. a potato -
liquid which does not mix with water, obtained from animals or plants -
fit to be eaten -
farm animals kept for use or profit -
harm or injury that causes loss of value -
body-building substance essential to good health, in such foods as milk, eggs, meat,
fish -
Task 6. According to the text, are the following statements true or false? If they are false, give the correct statement
1. Producing a large enough quantity of food to feed the world's population is an agricultural problem………………………..
2. Foods can be classified into several groups, the most important of them are breads and cereals, vegetables and fruits, meat, fish, milk……………………………..
3. 80 000 edible species of plants feed the world……………………………….
4. The most important crops in the world are wheat, rice, cabbage and beets…………….
5. Vegetables and fruits are rich in different minerals, vitamins, sodium, copper, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus……………………………
6. Today consumption of beef, pork is growing throughout the world, because these kinds of meat are inexpensive…………………………
Task 7. Which of these words do you associate with food? Put words referred to the food in one column and to non-food in another one
tasty, pepper, sugar, healthy, milk, bean, crop, grow, produce, warm, cold, expensive, short, cheap, drink, savoury, sweet, bitter, solid, liquid, fresh, new, domestic, contain, cereal, fish, spices, lard, French beans, iron, calcium, vitamins, pock, mutton, bake, bank, open, word, goose, berries, flower.
Task 8. Look through the text again and answer the following questions
1. Why is producing a large quantity of food a complex problem in the world?
2. How did world food production increase between 1950 and 2000?
3. What can you say about average per capita food production at that time?
4. How can foods be classified?
5. How many edible species of plants are there in the world?
6. What do breads and cereals include?
7. Are tubers rich in starch or protein?
8. What kinds of vegetables (fruits) do you know?
9. What kinds of meat do people eat?
10. Does meat contain carbohydrates?
11. Why do we value liver, kidneys?
12. What does milk contain?
Task 9. Translate into English
1. У світі існує багато видів продуктових товарів.
2. Їх можна розділити на хлібні злаки, бобові, овочі, фрукти, м'ясо, рибу, молоко, жири.
3. Овочі та фрукти є безпосереднім джерелом багатьох мінеральних речовин та вітамінів.
4. Ми отримуємо м'ясо з великої рогатої худоби, овець, свиней, курей, качок, індиків, гусей.
5. М'ясо містить жири, білки, воду, солі, вуглеводи. Печінка й нирки багаті на вітаміни А, залізо та фолієву кислоту.
6. Зараз споживання домашньої птиці зростає з кожним днем.
7. Молоко та молочні продукти мають велику харчову цінність, оскільки містять багато білків, фосфору, кальцію.
MY FUTURE PROFESSION
It is very important for us to make the right choice of profession.
A year ago I decided to enter the Trade and Economic College. Now I like studying here. My favourite subjects are; Accounting, Economics...
My future profession is a commodity expert. A commodity expert deals with different goods and commodities, their assortment, prices, packaging and labels. He should know everything about products which are on sale. A commodity expert also sells goods and tell buyers about them. His/Her purpose is to advertise a product and give true information about it. A commodity expert should always be polite and sociable.
But after the college I would like to enter a university and continue my education. I want to be a high-qualified specialist and know everything about trade.
Task 2. Read the text and write out unknown words
RESUME OR CURRICULUM VITAE
When a person is eager to get a job he is often to fill in a re¬sume (USA) or a curriculum vitae (UK) or a standard printed application form. The forms can be laid out in different ways but the information required will, in most cases, be the same.
The information given by the candidate in these papers will be helpful in assessing the candidate's suitability for the post.
From the candidate's point of view, this paper is the first impression the firm will obtain of him or her and therefore it is important that the candidate completes the paper clearly and carefully.
A curriculum vitae (CV) should usually contain the follow¬ing information:
name
address
telephone
fax
e-mail
date of birth
place of birth
nationality marital status
objective
education
work experience
languages
hobbies and interests
references (UK) or testimonials(US)
CVs or resumes as well as application forms will require the name and address of at least two individuals who can act as refe¬rees, which means those who can provide references. The referees may be contacted and asked whether or not they consider the applicant to be suitable for the post. The candidate may name a vicar, a doctor, or an old family friend as one of referees.
Normally, the firm will ask for the names of present or former employers or supervisors for whom the candidate has worked.
Here is the example of a curriculum vitae:
CURRICULUM VITAE
FOTO
Personal information
Name: **********************
Home address: Flat ***, * Lvivska str., Kyiv
Tel.: *******
Mob.tel.: ***********
Date and place of birth: **.**.**** , Kyiv
Nationality: Ukrainian
Sex: Female/Male
Marital status: Single/Married/Divorced
Objective: A position of manager
Education
2000-2002 Trade and Economics College of Trade and Economics University
Obtained qualification: comodity expert
Courses
1998-2000 First Kyiv State Courses of foreign languages
2000-2001 Course of PC
Experience
From 01.09.2003 ************************
From 05.03.2005 ************************
Other information:
Languages: Ukrainian (native), Russian (native)
English (fluent, spoken/written)
PC: User of PC
Certifications: Driving license, given in 2006.
Task 3. Make your own curriculum vitae
Task 4. Complete the sentences as in the text
1. When a person is eager to get a job he is often to fill in
2. The forms can be laid out in different ways but
3. The information given by the candidate can be very helpful in
4. It is important that the candidate
5. CVs should contain the following information
6. CVs and application forms will require the name and address of at least
7. The referees may be contacted and asked
8. Normally the firm will ask for the names of present
UNIT 5
TRAVELING
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
TRAVELLING
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays traveling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modem cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene. It is always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms.
Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants. City-dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or in the mountains, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sum.
Most travelers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take pictures of everything that interests them - the sights of a city, old churches and castles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests; different kinds of trees, flowers and plants, animals and birds.
Later, perhaps years later, they will be reminded by the photos of the happy time they have had.
People travel by train, by plane, by boat and by car.
All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages. And people choose one according to their plans and destinations.
If we are fond of traveling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers, and see pictures of them on TV, The best way to study geography is to travel, and the best way to get to know and understand the people is to meet them in their own town.
Task 2. Translate the following words
travel abroad
to travel by train
to travel by bus
to travel by car
to travel by ship
to travel by plane
on business
tour voyage
cruise broking-office
arrival departure
fare flight
schedule on schedule
return ticket
one-way ticket
through ticket
to date a ticket
left-luggage office/check-room
waiting-room
stewardess
guard
berth cabin
dining-car
sleeping-car/sleeper
compartment
deck
gangway
seat bag
suit-case
trunk
customs
Task 3. Answer the following questions
1. Are you fond of travelling?
2. Why do people travel?
З. Why do people take a camera with them? What do they usually photograph?
4. What do we tee and learn while travelling? 5. How do different people spend their holidays?
6. What means of travel do you know? What are their advantages and disadvantages?
7. What places have you visited? 8. Have you ever take a holiday cruise along the Blade Sea coast?
9. Some people prefer to travel on their own and hate travelling in a group. What about you?
10. What countries would you like to visit?
11. What means of travel do you know?
12. Why are many people fond of travelling?
13. Do you like travelling by train? Why? What makes you like (dis¬like) it?
14. What are the advantages of travelling by train?
15. How many days in advance do you book your train tickets?
16. What trains are most convenient for travelling over long distances?
17. Where do you get information about trains?
18. Who helps travellers to carry their luggage?
19. Where do you have your meals while travelling by railway?
20. Have you ever travelled by plane?
21. How does the ground look from a plane?
22. Is it possible to sleep on board a plane?
23. What refreshments can you get on board a plane?
24. What are the advantages and disadvantages of travelling by air?
25. What do you think about walking tours?
26. What are, in your opinion, the most enjoyable means of travel?
27. What ways of travelling are the most comfortable for people?
28. Have you ever travelled by steamer? If so, describe your trip in short.
29. What kinds of ships do you know?
30. What happens to some passengers when the sea is rough?
31. Do you think travelling helps a person to become wiser?
Task 4. Fill in the missing words
1. Hence some……………………………..is essential to restore our mental and
…………………………resources.
2. To be on the safe side and to spare yourself the trouble of stand¬ing long hours in the ………………………., you'd better book tickets in…………………………..
3. And, of course, before getting off you have to make your…………………………..
4. You should……………………………all your business and visit your friends
and………………………………….
5. If you are hungry you take some…………………………….. .
6. If you travel by train you find your ………………………….., enter the cor-ridor and find your………………………………….
7. You put your…………………………… into a special box under the lower
seat.
8. Travelling by train is…….............................…... than by plane, but it has its……….............................……..
9. There is no doubt it's much more convenient to travel by train,
because it doesn't stop at small.............................................
10. But if you are in a hurry and want to .............................................. your time you'd better travel by……...................…...................
11. A sea..................................................is very enjoyable, indeed.
Task 5. Match each word with the best meaning
carriage, sea voyage, compartment, crew, railway, tour, luggage, anchor, hitch-hiking, suitcase, cruise a) a rather long journey, especially by water.
b) sea-voyage from port to port especial-
c) bags, trucks, etc. and their contents taken on a journey.
d) portable flat-sided case for clothes, used when travelling.
e) travelling by getting free rides in passing automobiles and walking between rides.
f) a journey, an excursion; a brief one, ma¬de by land or water.
g) road or track laid by rails on which trains run.
h) wheeled vehicle for passengers on a rail¬way train.
i) one of several separate divisions of a struc¬ture, especially of a railway carriage or coach.
j) all the persons working on a ship, air¬craft, train, etc.
k) heavy piece of iron with a ring at one end, to which a cable is fastened, used for keeping a ship fast to the sea bottom or a balloon to the ground.
Task 6. Read the text and write out unknown words
ADVICES TO TRAVELLERS ABROAD
Modern life is impossible without traveling. Some people travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and ruins of ancient towns, some on business, some in search of health. Many people travel "for pleasure", because they are fond sightseeing, they want to meet new friends, to take photographs of themselves in picturesque places. It is always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to enjoy exotic food, to listen to different musical rhythms.
Travel is the name of a modern disease which started in the mid-fifties and is still spreading. Nowadays traveling abroad is very popular.
And before you go abroad:
> Learn about the places you plan to visit. Familiarize yourself with local laws and customs in those areas. (Consult your library, a travel agent, airline, or the tourist bureaus of the specific countries you plan to visit). Keep track as well of what is being reported in the media about any recent developments.
> Don't take anything you would hate to lose. Leave at home all unnecessary credit cards, expensive jewelry, or irreplaceable family objects.
> Pack an extra set of eyeglasses. Carry these and any medicines you need in your carry-on luggage. Take along a copy of the prescription for necessary medicines and the generic name of the drug.
> Leave a copy of your route with family or friends at home should they need to contact you in an emergency.
> Normal common sense should prevail when traveling abroad, just as it would at home. Be especially cautious in, or avoid situations where you are more likely to be victimized such as crowded subways, train stations, market places, festivals.
> Find out about local rules and obey them.
Task 7. Answer the following questions according to the mode
Model: Suppose you want to book a ship ticket. Where would you go? — I should go to a port booking-office.
1. Suppose you must be in Kiev in the shortest time pos¬sible. Would you go there by train or by plane?
2. Yesterday I could go there by bus. What would you have done in my place?
3. I can book a ticket for a plane. What ticket would you book in my place?
Task 8. Translate into English
1. Ми пішли на станцію раніше, щоб швидше придбати квитrи. 2. Якби вона поїхала поїздом, її брат сказав би мені про це. 3. Мені не хотілося б мати морську хворобу. 4. Вони хочуть, щоб ми з ними поїхали на екскурсію по Чорному морю. 5. Якби я був на твоєму місці, я не відмовився б полетіти літаком. 6. На Вашому місці я поїхав би туди поїздом. 7. Боюся, щоб ми не запізнилися на автобус. 8. Не може бути, щоб вони так швидко повер¬нулися додому з подорожі. 9. Ми встали о п'ятій годині ранку, щоб не запізнитися на поїзд.
Task 9. Translate the sentences
1. As the booking-office was closed I had to wait.
2. What's the fare to Rome? Our train arrived on schedule.
3. Businessmen usually prefer to travel by plane.
4. My brother is going to have a world cruise.
5. I don't like sea voyages as I am always sea-sick.
6. We made a bus-tour round London.
7. I like to travel abroad.
UNIT 6
MARKETING
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
MARKETING
Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing op¬erations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, pro-motion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.
The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the customer's dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centres has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of mer¬chandize and-plenty of parking facilities.
A company's approach to achieving its marketing objectives is called marketing strategy.
The various factors a company must take into consideration when developing its marketing objectives are referred to as marketing mix. The marketing mix is often summarized as the so-called four P's: product, price, place, promotion: what to sell, to whom, where, and with what support.
Product can be defined as goods or service that you are marketing and includes its design, quality and reliability.
Price refers to how much money a company charges for its products. The marketing view of pricing involves considering the value of a product, the volume of sales required.
Place refers to distribution, that is, how and where the product is made available to customers.
Promotion means presenting the product to the customer. Promotion involves considering the packaging and presentation of the product, its image, the product name, advertising.
Task 2. Give the English for
купівельний попит
досягати мети
стратегія маркетингу
брати до уваги різні фактори
формула маркетингу
підтримка реклама
якість та надійність
обсяг продажу
сприяння у продажу (товару)
пакування товару
Task 3. Translate into Ukrainian
Pricing distribution
promotion customer
goods and services
ownership of products
buyer seller
ability publicity
consumer market
industrial market
target market
marketing mix
price of the prod¬uct
promotion of the product
distribution ingredient
product in¬gredient
pricing ingredient
distribution ingredient
promotion in¬gredient
market segment
segmentation approach
profit rebate
pricing strategy
storage transportation
intermediary advertis¬ing
marketing research
income develop
marketing information system
internal and external data
evaluate create
satisfy in¬volve (in)
achieve determine
buy sell
reach boost
meet needs select
maintain estimate
forecast predict
monitor pro¬duce
Task 4. Match words from list A with words from list В that have a similar meaning
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. A
involve
appropriate
achieve
objective
support
enable
provide
price В
cost
supply
empower
assistance
aim
reach
suitable
include
Task 5. Find suitable opposites to the following words
to understand
appropriate
to fail
to provide
identical
inaccessible
Task 6. Match combinations with the correct definition from the list below
marketing mix, marketing plan, marketing audit, marketing strategy, marketing concept, marketing objectives
1. the combination of factors that influence sales and can be controlled by a company. These include product, pricing, promotion and place
2. a detailed report that shows how a company or a department will maintain and improve sales in a certain area
3. the combination of factors that affect a company's sales in a particular area or country. These factors include changes in government policy, in people's levels of income, the development of new technology or transport systems and the activity of rival firms
4. a detailed inspection of the strengths and weaknesses of the marketing activities of an organization
5. a company's approach to achieving its marketing objectives
6. the business philosophy that involves the entire organization in the process of satisfying customers' needs while achieving the organization's goals
7. the general and specific aims which a firm sets for itself in selling its products
Task 7. Look at the words. Match them with the correct definition from the list below
value, appropriate, charge, demand, price, marketing, objective, distribution, promotion
1. the desire of consumers to obtain goods and services
2. an aim or target
3. advertising or other activity intended to increase the sales of a product
4. the movement of goods to places where they can be sold
5. the actions of identifying, satisfying and increasing the buyer's demand for a company's products
6. the amount of money for which something can be bought or sold
7. to put a price on; to ask for payment from
8. correct, suitable
9. the worth of something in terms of the money or goods for which it can be exchanged
Task 8. Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
1. ........................................................ for reliable cars has increased.
2. Our main................................................... is to reduce prices.
3. Television advertising is an expensive but effective method of.................................... .
4. The company's main activities are manufacturing, marketing and .................................
5. She works in .............................................. .
6. We can't afford to buy the computer at that...................................................
7. The bank .............................................. 1% for changing traveller's cheques.
8. This company is very successful, so she has made the ............................................. choice in joining it.
9. The ............................................... of this home has doubled since we bought it.
10. The company has increased sales because of a favourable .......................................
11. The organization has decided to follow the recommendations of the most recent marketing ................................................
12. Next meeting of the Board of directors will discuss our new marketing……………………………………..
Strategy, audit, marketing environment, value, appropriate, charges, price, marketing, distribution, promotion, objective, demand.
Task 9. Fill in the missing prepositions
Marketing mix
Marketing mix is the combination ... marketing plans and policies that are employed ... an organization in order to achieve its marketing objectives. In its simplest form, it can be represented ... policies adopted ... four areas, the four P's but there can be a large variety ... elements employed ... each category.
The exact combination .... such policies employed ... an organization will depend ... the size and resources ... the organization, the nature ... the product,
(within, of (7), by (3), in (2), upon)
Task 10. Answer the following questions
1. What does marketing mean?
2. What activities does marketing consist of?
3. What do marketing operations include?
4. Why is it so important for the producer to predict the trends?
5. What is marketing strategy?
6. What are the four elements of the marketing mix?
7. How can "product" be defined?
8. What does "price" refer to?
9. What does "place" mean?
10. What is promotion?
Task 11. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence
go up, schedule, packaging, competitor, price leader, price sensitive item
1. If the price on this product ................................................ nobody will buy it.
2. They should ........................................... some tests and pass results to R.D.
3. This company is the ................................................... in this field, they can sell this product at the lowest price.
4. Customers do care about the price on this product, it is very ................................ .
5. ............................................... influences the desire of a customer to buy.
6. Our .............................................. has become the price leader in selling computer programmes.
Task 12. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence
predict, influence, promote, marketing, trends, distribution, market research, product planning, consumer
1. One of the aims of market research is to indicate new ........................................... among people.
2. Advertising must ....................................................... the consumer and make him buy the goods produced.
3. Often marketing is called .....................................................
4. In order to sell a new product, a producer has to consider how to .................................................... it.
5. The goods of this company are not sold very well, they must think about .............................................................
6. Sometimes it is difficult to .................................................... through advertising.
7. If you want to produce something new, you should start with ........................................................... .
8. A producer wants to……………………………….. the new trends and then tries to influence them.
9. ......................................................... includes product development and pricing among other things.
Task 13. Find the words below in the grid. Words can go horizontally, vertically and diagonally.
Y G E T A R T S M A N N
E Y H D A N U I D T A S
T M A K R B E D L L I G
A T H T M A W E P U O S
G C R I K T F A M S D U
E E T N M Z S T G E R C
L J L I R G F U T R K C
E O A C O O P E R A T E
D R R E D A E L J T N S
H P S C H E D U L E R S
N T N E M E V E I H C A
T R D E A D L I N E K R
achievement draft result
aim idea schedule
cooperate leader strategy
deadline plan submit
delegate project success
trust
UNIT 7
ADVERTISING
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
ADVERTISING
Advertising is one of the main methods of promotion. Its aim is to increase sales by making a product or service known to a consumer and to persuade that consumer to buy it.
Advertising is often designed and managed by advertising agencies.
Large companies usually use advertising agencies to promote their products and the company's image to the target customers.
The account is tile contract between the client company and the agency to develop an advertising campaign. The client allocates s budget, an amount of money, to the task. The agency and the client then discuss the brief, which is a statement of the client's objectives, as well as the message the company wishes to communicate to the consumers.
After that the agency is ready to start work. An advertising campaign consists of a series of advertisements (adverts, or ad's) which are run in various media.
The most common types of advertising media include: broadcasting (TV, cinema, radio), press (newspapers, magazines), printed material (brochures, leaflets, catalogues, flyers), electronic (Internet), display (posters, hoardings/billboards, vehicles, point of sale), others (trade fairs word-of mouth, packaging).
Corporate advertising is not concerned with increasing sales of e particular product or service. Its aim is to present to the public the brand image. Public relations (PR) experts organize activities which generate positive publicity for companies.
Task 2. Form verbs from the following nouns and translate
advertisement
information
persuasion
management
promotion
development
allocation
discussion
statement
communication
agreement
Task 3. Give the English for
головні методи сприяння у продажу товару
інформувати споживача
реклама
рекламна агенція
цільовий споживач
розробити рекламну кампанію
повідомляти споживача
розпочати роботу
засоби розповсюдження реклами
торговий ярмарок
усна реклама
ілюстративна реклама
реклама фірми
експерт з питань організації громадської думки
збільшувати продаж
Task 4. Match words from list A with words from list В that have a similar meaning
A В
1. main promote
2. amount notify
3. vehicle budget
4. start begin
5. allocate allot
6. contract automobile
7. inform sum
8. advertise principal
Task 5. Find suitable opposites to the following words
similar
to finish
to conceal
subordinate
producer
to agree
Task 6. Look at the words and phrases. Match them with the correct definition from the list below
trade fair, advertising agency, point of sale, advertisement, advertising, brand image, account, catalogue, advertising media, brief
1. the business that deals with making, distributing and selling advertisements
2. an independent firm that plans, produces and places advertising for its clients
3. the various forms of communication through which advertising reaches its audience
4. a book containing details of items for sale
5. the place where a customer buys something
6. an exhibition where companies in a particular industry display their products to potential buyers
7. the contract between the client company and the advertising agency to develop an advertising campaign
8. a statement of the client's objectives
9. a notice or message in a newspaper, or on a poster in a public place, or announcement on television or on the radio offering or asking for a product or service
10. the feelings and opinions that a buyer has about a particular named product
Task 7. Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
1. My friend works for one of the biggest.................................................... in Ukraine.
2. We'll have ................................................. for a new secretary.
3. The best way to sell your car is to put............................................... in the local paper.
4. How easily are you persuaded by ................................................ ?
5. We place ......................................... about our products in the newspapers every week.
6. The agency lost a $10 million account when it mistakenly ran ...................................... for a new product before it had formally been introduced.
7. The choice of advertising ..................................................... was limited by the budget.
8. The client's ............................................................ stated that the advertising should target the students.
9. ................................................................ is a large board for displaying posters alongside roads.
10. Advertising is often designed by ....................................................
11. Mercedes cars have a quality ........................................................
hoarding, brief, media, an advert, advertisements, advertising an advertisement, advertise, advertising agencies (2); brand image.
Task 8. Fill in the missing prepositions
Advertising Agency
Advertising agency is an organization that creates advertising material....................... its clients. Agencies will take the advertising requirements ............................ a business and organize the production ........................... their campaign .......................... designing and producing advertisements and booking space ....................... the advertising media. .................. recent years they have grown ............................ size and importance as expenditure ....................... advertising ........................ business has increased and as a wider range ........................ organizations have used advertising.
(on behalf of, of(3),by(2), in(3),on)
Task 9. Answer the following questions
1. What is advertising? What is its aim?
2. Who is advertising managed by?
3. What do large companies use advertising agencies for?
4. What is the account? 5. What do we call a statement of the client’s objectives?
6. What does an advertising campaign consist of?
7. What do the most common types of advertising media include?
8. What steps are required to start an advertising campaign?
9. What is the aim of corporate advertising?
10. What do public relations experts do?
Task 10. What do you understand by these terms?
target customers
account
budget
brief
brand image
public relations
experts
UNIT 8
FAIRS AND EXEBITIONS
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
FAIRS AND EXHIBITIONS
The first world industrial exhibition was held in London in 1951. It was of a great success. It displayed exhibits of 40 participating nations and the number of visitors reached over six million.
Since then world industrial expositions have had colorful history. Many such have been held, some of them on a large scale. They have changed not only in size and scope, but also in character and overall purpose. Such events provided opportunities for exchanging scientific, technological and cultural achievements of the people of Europe, America, Asia and Africa.
Beginning with early 60s, international expositions began to take new forms, trying to emphasize not only technological progress, but also other aspects of life. They became festivals of industry and culture.
Fairs and exhibitions provide an opportunity to establish profitable contacts and promote mutual understanding among different nations.
Every year a lot of international and specialized exhibitions and fairs are held in different countries of the world. The number of countries and companies who take part in them is growing from year to year and the scope of fairs and exhibitions is becoming larger.
The display during these exhibitions includes a wide range of exhibits which show the latest achievements in different fields of industry, science and agriculture of many countries.
Usually fairs and exhibitions are crowded with visitors, who show much interest in the exhibits on display.
At international and national exhibitions commercial centers are established where participants can negotiate the sale and the purchase of different goods.
Every exhibition is an eye-opening experience and also a method to advertise products. Fairs and exhibitions are usually held under various mottoes: people and progress, peace and progress through economic cooperation and so on. International fairs and exhibitions pave the way for the consolidation of friendship among countries and nations.
Task 2. Translate the following words
виставка
ярмарок
експонат
приймаючий участь
масштаб/розмір
межі/рамки
характер
намір/мета
досягнення
прибутковий
підвищувати/сприяти
спільний
співробітництво
зміцнення
Task 3. Translate the following word combinations
industrial exhibition
great success
participating nations
large scale
size and scope
exchanging scientific, technological and cultural achievements
overall purpose
technological progress
science and agriculture
opportunity to establish
profitable contacts
mutual understanding
wide range
the latest achievements
industry and culture
crowded with visitors
the sale and the purchase
to advertise products
various mottoes
consolidation of friendship
Task 4. Answer the following questions
1. When was the first world industrial exhibition held?
2. Why can most of the international expositions be called festivals of industry and culture now ?
3. Why are exhibitions and fairs growing in size and scope from year to year?
4. Why do we say that every exhibition is a good method to advertise different goods?
5. Why do fairs and exhibitions pave the way for the consolidation of peace and friendship among nations?
6. What is the purpose of arranging exhibitions and fairs?
Task 5. Look at the words and phrases. Match them with the correct definition from the list below
foreign trade, fair trade, domestic trade, deficit trade, creditor trade, mark trade, restriction trade, bloc trade, discount trade, association trade
1. trade between buyers/sellers in one country and sellers/buyers in other countries
2. trade between buyers and sellers in the same country
3. an organization of producers or sellers of similar products that provides advice, information and services for its members
4. a group of countries that agree to trade with each other on favourable terms
5. a person or business that has supplied goods or services to a company and is owed money for them
6. the amount by which the value of a country's imports is greater than the value of its exports
7. an amount that is taken off the normal selling price of a product
8. a big exhibition where manufacturers and sellers display their goods
9. a name or symbol that is used on the products of a particular company
10. an action taken by a government to limit the amount or type of goods imported or exported, usually by introducing taxes and tariffs
Task 6. Consult your dictionary and translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian
barter trade
bilateral trade
border trade
cash trade
domestic trade
exclusive trade
export trade
external trade
fair trade
hire-purchase trade
illicit trade
invisible trade
lawful trade
licence trade
luxury trade
mail¬order trade
profitable trade
retail trade
service trade
stock trade
tally trade
wholesale trade
Task 7. Retell the dialogue in writing form
Victor Petrenko is at the exhibition which is being held in London. The stand of one of the American companies has attracted his atten¬tion. At the moment he is talking to Mrs. Foster, the Sales Manager of the company.
— Good afternoon, Mrs. Foster. I'm a Commercial Director of one of the Ukrainian companies. Here's my card.
— Good afternoon, Mr. Petrenko. Have you seen our advertising materials?
— Yes. Your Stand-Attendant gave them to me.
— Does our new process equip¬ment interest you?
— Yes. We are looking for new machinery for our factory in Kiev. We need to decide what equipment to buy.
— Our new equipment is not a bad choice, Mr. Petrenko. It corre¬sponds to the highest technical level and the highest standards existing in the world.
— But your company has not been well-known until recent times.
— You're right. We have been often considered as a second-tier player behind some well-known companies like Continental Equipment and MGM Instru-ments. Our company was viewed as a company that was good only for some things. That's changed. Now we're respected as a compa¬ny as capable as Continental Equipment in our field.
— I was impressed by the perfor¬mance of your equipment. I've seen a lot of similar systems at the exhibition ... but your equip¬ment outperforms them.
— We've worked hard and we've achieved some success, Mr. Petrenko.
— How long is the guarantee period for your equipment, Mrs. Foster?
— Twelve months from the start¬up of the equipment. The dura¬tion of the guarantee period of our equipment is not uncommon.
— How long will it take you to deliver in Kiev two sets of this equipment?
— Of standard design?
— Yes.
— Two-three weeks from the date of payment.
— And to put it into operation?
— Two-five days depending on its model.
— Is it possible to arrange our specialists' training in your train¬ing centres?
— What kind of training, Mr. Petrenko?
— To teach them to operate the equipment properly.
— There is no need to send your specialists to our training centres, Mr. Petrenko. The equipment is fully computerized. It's easy for even inexperienced personnel to operate it.
— Fine. We are also very inter¬ested in maintenance.
— We provide our equipment with technical support for all its service life.
— And could you tell me if it's possible to adapt your equipment to specific conditions?
— I think you'd better discuss it with our Consultant, Mr. Berger. At the moment he's over there, near the next stand of our compa¬ny. His name is on his badge. He'll reply to all your questions concerning the design of our equipment.
— Thank you, Mrs. Foster.
UNIT 9
FORMS OF TRADE. WHOLESELLING AND RATAILING
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
FORMS OF TRADE
Commerce is a moving of goods from the man who wants to sell, to the man who is willing to buy, or, as it is sometimes expressed, the exchange and distribution of goods and services.
There are different channels of distribution goods and the most important among them there are two aspects wholesale trade and retail trade. A business that acquires goods to sell to the general public is called retail trade. A wholesale business is a middlemen who help goods move from manufactures to consumers and then sell them in turn to the retailer. A middleman is any person or firm that enters the distribution process between the manufacturer and the ultimate buyer.
The wholesaler or middleman buys in large quantities from the producer or manufacturer and sells in smaller quantities to the retailer who, in his tarn, supplies the individual customer, but not final consumers.
For years no clear distinction was made in marketing between wholesaling and retailing and even today there is much confusion as to their difference.
It has been argued that the wholesaler is unnecessary and that the cost of goods could be lowered if he were eliminated from the chain.
The wholesaler is often not only necessary but economically indispensable. The manufacturer cannot, in most cases, undertake the handling of innumerable small orders from retailers with all the attendant work of packing and invoicing and dispatching. His main function is to produce goods, and it is uneconomical that his energy and attention should be turned from this to the collection and execution of a multitude of small orders.
Being the link between the producer and the retailer, the wholesaler knows the demand and can estimate the quantities required. His commercial agents can advise the manufacturer of changes in fashion, suggest an increase in production of certain types, a decrease in others so, the wholesaler can help the retailer in many ways: for example, the wholesaler studies production and his experience and knowledge of goods and markets enable him to select the best sources of supply.
The most common channel runs from the manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. This is the longest channel, and requires the most markups. But it is often the most efficient, especially for dealing with small retailers. Retailer is the final link from the producer to the consumer. It is he who sells to the customer in the small quantities required and he who must be able to anticipate the customers' needs. The retailer gets his stock from a wholesaler either by ordering his goods after examining samples or patterns or by paying periodic visits to the wholesaler's warehouse where, from the range of goods that the wholesaler has bought from various manufacturers, the retailer can select those that he thinks will be most suited for the type of customer that buys from the shop. He may also deal direct with a manufacturer. The retailers, however, do more than merely supply a need. According to the type of goods that he sells, the retailer may render certain services. He may sell you shoes and repair them as they need repairing; sell you a watch- and clean the one that won't go; sell you a car and service it. The "little man", that is a small retailer is usually conveniently situated for his
There are almost million retailing businesses in the United States. The retailer's primary role is to provide consumers with the products they want when and where they want them. That's why there are so many retail stores and why retail competition is often so intense.
Buyers want to take possession of products at the time they buy it or soon after. So a retailer who too frequently runs out of stock of popular items or sizes will quickly lose customers.
The retailer is the party that actually sells the consumer goods manufacturers make. Manufacturers may advertise or otherwise promote their products. But the goods must be present in retail stores, customers must be aware that the goods are there, and the retailer must have a pricing policy that encourages their sale.
WHOLESALING
Wholesaling is a part of marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally, indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the con¬sumer.
Wholesaling is often a field of small business, but there is a grow¬ing chain movement in the western countries. About a quarter of wholesaling units account for the one-third of total sales.
Two-third of the wholesaling middlemen are merchant whole¬salers who take title to the goods they deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both. They don't take title to the goods they deal in. Sometimes they take pos¬session though. These agents don't earn salaries. They receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell. Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. For example, the average supermarket stocks 5,000 items in groceries alone, a retail druggist can have more than 6,000 items. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers he reduces the problem of both manufacturer and retailer. The store keeper does not have to deal directly with thousands of different people. He usu¬ally has a well-stocked store and deals with only a few wholesalers.
RETAILING
Retailing is selling goods and services to the ultimate consumer. Thus, the retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution. Being middlemen, they make their profit by charging the cus¬tomer 25 to 100 per cent more than the price they paid for the item.
The retailers operate through stores, mail-order houses, vending machine operators. There are different types of retail stores: de¬partment stores, discount houses, cooperatives, single line re-tailers. The major part (over 95 per cent) of retail establishments concentrate on a single line of merchandise for example, food hard¬ware, etc. But nowadays there is a trend for many single line stores to take on a greater variety of supplies.
The retailer performs many necessary functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Second, he often guarantees and serv¬ices the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer helps to promote the product through displays, advertising or sales. Fourth, the retailer can finance the customer by extending credits. Also the retailer stores the goods in his outlet by having goods available.
Task 2. Translate the following
moving of goods
exchange and distribution
goods and services
channels of distribution
wholesale trade
retail trade
ultimate buyer
middleman
manufacturer
from manufactures to consumers
large quantities
final consumers
to produce goods
increase in production
decrease
sources of supply
final link
customers' needs
wholesaler's warehouse
promote
advertise
lose customers
indirect channels
purchases or sales
complicated channels
large assortment
ultimate consumer
expensive link
convenient location
Task 3. Answer the following questions
1. Are there different channels of distribution goods? Name the most important of them.
2. How do we call a person or firm which enters the distribution process between the manufacturer and the ultimate buyer?
3. Is there any clear distribution between wholesaling and retailing?
4. What is the main manufacturer's function?
5. In what ways can the wholesaler help the retailer?
6. The retailer is able to anticipate the customers' needs, isn't he?
7. What other kinds of job can the retailer perform?
8. How many retailing businesses are there in the United States?
9. In what case does the seller lose?
10. What is the aim of the wholesaling?
11. How can you describe a direct channel of distribution?
12. What is an indirect channel of distribution?
13. What channel of distribution is preferable?
14. Is there any difference between a merchant wholesaler and an agent middleman?
15. What is this difference?
16. How does a wholesaler simplify the process of distribution?
17. What would a retailer have to do without wholesalers?
18. What is retailing?
19. What are four different types of retail stores?
20. What are at least two types of retailing that do not include the use of a store?
21. In what way does a retailer serve a customer?
22. In what way does a retailer serve a manufacturer?
23. Which per cent of the price of the goods sold goes to the retailer?
24. What is the trend with a single line retailer now?
Task 4. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence
wholesalers, take title, retailer, stock, channels, assortment, to receive commissions, middleman
1. They use both direct and indirect ................................................... of distribution.
2. Agent middlemen do not ................................................ to the goods they deal in.
3. Usually wholesaling ................................................. stands between the producer and the re¬tailer.
4. A supermarket may .................................................. thousands of commissions items.
5. Usually a wholesaler handles a large ....................................................... of items of numerous manu¬facturers.
6. Agent middlemen don't earn salaries, they ..................................................... .
7. A wholesaler doesn't deal with the customers, he does with ...........................................
8. ............................................................. simplify the problems of manufacturers.
Task 5. Change the sentences according to the model
Model: When did they want to reimburse for our expenses? (I don't remember.)
I don't remember when they wanted to reimburse for our expenses.
1. How will you get a raise? (They don't care.)
2. When did they send you the purchase order? (I don't know.)
3. Who are the purchasing agents? (I can't recall.)
4. Why didn't they get verbal agreement? (I'll try to find out.)
5. Did they staple and file the p.o.? (I don't know.)
6. How large is the sales region? (They don't care.)
7. How much is the toll? (It doesn't matter.)
8. When will she get commission? (She doesn't know.)
Task 6. Translate into English
1. Оптова торгівля – важливий елемент ринкової економіки.
2. Товари йдуть від оптового посередника до споживача через рознічного продавця.
3. Непряма система збиту більш приємна.
4. Оптові купці придбають товар.
5. Посередник отримує проценти від продажу.
6. Посередник зазвичай веде переговори з приводу купівлі чи продажу.
7. У цьому магазині хороший асортимент товарів.
8. Менеджер по маркетингу скоро отримає підвищення.
9. Ми примушені платити дорого за доставку.
10. Наша фірма відшкодовує нам збитки за обіди та проїзд.
11. Рознічна торгівля – це продаж товару кінцевому споживачу.
12. У західних країнах є різні типи торгових закладів: універмаги, супермаркети, магазини з низькими цінам і т.д.
13. На цей товар можна отримати 10% знижки.
14. Рознічна торгівля може предоставити покупцю тривалий кредит.
15. Ця фірма має безліч торгових точок по всій країні.
16. Рознічний торговець виконує багато важливих функцій.
17. Я не знаю центра міста, мені потрібен довідник магазинів.
18. У торговому центрі ви знайдете всі необхідні вам товари.
Task 7. Put the necessary word in the sentence
mail order, discount, vending machine, guarantees, retailer, extending credit, link
1. ................................................. is one function a retailer may perform.
2. You can buy newspapers, cigarettes, cookies from a ....................................................
3. .................................................... is the most expensive link in the chain between a producer and a consumer.
4. The firm .......................................... good quality of the product.
5. She doesn't like to go shopping, she prefers to do it by ................................................ .
6. The department store is having a sale and there is a 20 per cent .................................... on all light dresses.
7. Wholesaler is an important ............................................ between a producer and a customer.
Task 8. Change the sentences according to the model
Model: My wife usually asks the children to do shopping. My wife usually makes children do shopping.
1. He'll ask single line retailers to take part in the promotion cam¬paign.
2. The chief usually asks his immediate subordinates to perform dif¬ferent functions.
3. It's necessary to ask him to recognize his wholesaling units.
4. It's important to influence ultimate consumer to buy this product.
5. Ask him to buy all these things in the discount house.
Task 9. Make responses to the sentences according to the model
Model: I want to ask your brother to do shopping today. Let me do shopping today myself.
1. I want my secretary to prepare the financial statement.
2. The board of directors wants tire officers to plan product devel¬opment.
3. He wants to speak with my friend about their possible partnership.
4. I want a lawyer to clarify this matter.
5. The executive wants this, manager to start market research.
Unit`10
Money
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
MONEY
In the modern world money has various uses. For selling and buying things, all modern people use money. Money gives us a useful means of measuring the value of things. Money is also of very great use as a means of exchanging goods and services. Money is a way to store up buying pow¬er that one can use later. If we consider money as a means of storing up buying power, it has good and bad points. Money can more easily be kept a long time than such things as food, buildings and machines. Food spoils, buildings fall to pieces and machines rust. Money takes up very little space and if we want we may put it in a bank.
But modern money has some very serious disadvantages if we use it as means of storing up buying power. In earlier times when money was in the form of gold and silver coins, the metal in each was really worth the amount stamped on the coin. But the paper in modern paper money is worth much less than the amount written on it. In a short time the buying power of modern money can change very greatly and because of that, some people are doubtful about the wisdom of saving money.
Task 2. Translate the following
сучасний світ
продаж та покупка речей
використовувати гроші
засіб виміру
цінність речей
засоби обміну
купівельна спроможність
засіб накопичення
серйозні вади
бути реально вартим
символ успіху
купувати товари та послуги
золото та срібло
монети та банкноти
виконувати функції
засіб обміну
в обмін на гроші
мірило вартості
складання бюджету
засіб заощадження
Task 3. Make up sentences and translate them
Money
is
has
the root of all evil
a measure of the value of goods
a means of exchanging goods
the guarantee of security
a way to store up buying power
various uses in the modern world
good and bad points
some very serious disadvantages
Task 4. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words
1. Synthetic materials have become cheaper, since the............................................. of production are lower now. (value, cost, price)
2. .Sometimes it is easy to make plans but difficult ............................................. them. (to find, to show, to carry out)
3. The money which he ............................................. from fiis par¬ents did not arrive. (expected, respected, avoided)
4. It is obvious that a primitive system of exchanging goods for goods cannot ............................................. the needs of a highly developed economic system. (satisfy, occupy, justify)
5. He was known for his ............................................ to solve most complicated problems very quickly. (opportu¬nity, ability, difficulty)
Task 5. Compose questions and answer them
price
cost
market
currency
purchase
money is a measure of the value of goods
money for which a thing is bought or sold
price to be paid for a thing
place where people meet to buy and sell goods
a particular type of money used in a state
quantity of smth given in return for the money paid
Task 6. Complete the following sentences
1. Has money various ?
2. Money is a means of .
3. By means of money things can be .
4. Time is .
5. Money is the root .
Task 7. Translate into English
1. Прямий обмін товарами неможливий у розвинутому суспільстві. 2. Для того щоб розвивалася торгівля, мають існувати гроші. 3. Купівельна спроможність грошей у наш час дуже швидко змінюється. 4. Ми успішно провели пере¬говори з цього питання. 5. Монети виготовляють із різних металів.
Task 8. Give synonyms to the words in bold type
1. Some countries have agreed to reduce oil production to keep the price on the same level
2. The purchasing power of the dollar is falling
3. We agree to the terms of your con¬tract
4. If some problems arise in the process of work we shall deal with them
5. The cost of living has risen, whereas wages have remained the same
Task 9. Make up your own dialogues using the following expressions
metal money, currency, to earn, money, to spend money, to borrow money, to open a savings account, to fill out some forms, name, telephone number, salary, to pay monthly.
Task 10. Match words from list A with words from list В that have a similar meaning
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. A
purchase
value
perform
exchange
represent
spend
retain
accumulate
wealth в
riches
increase
keep
pay money for smth.
change
denote
complete a task
worth
buy
Task 11. Find suitable opposites to the following words
to represent
popular
success
value
to trust
to accumulate
similar
easy
Task 12. Translate the following words
monetary
monetize
moneymaker
moneyed
money-grubber
Task 13. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian
1. He doesn't have much monetary sense; he's always wasting his money.
2. The government monetized its bonds and spent the money on new projects.
3. That new saleswoman is already a moneymaker for our company.
4. She married a man from a moneyed family.
5. He is such a money-grubber that he won't answer a question unless you tell him how much you will pay him.
Task 14. Find explanation that mean
active money, hot money, salvage money, cheap money, pocket money, dear money, call money, danger money, near money, hush money, idle money, caution money
1. money that is being used by the public as opposed to money left in bank accounts
2. money easily available on loan at a low rate of interest
3. extra money or high wages paid to people working in dangerous conditions
4. money that is difficult to borrow because of high interest rates
5. money that is not circulated or invested and does not earn interest
6. an item that can be easily exchanged in the way that money can, although it is not money itself. It includes cheques and postal orders but not banknotes or coins
7. money lent on condition that it must be repaid immediately if necessary
8. money offered by someone to show that he/she is honest and truthful and will keep to all agreed terms and conditions
9. the reward paid by the owners of a rescued ship or goods to the person or organization that saved it/them
10. change for small purchases
11. money which is moved from country to country to get the best return;
12. money paid to someone in return for keeping silent about a crime
Task 15. Below are some of the most common terms used to describe different types of wrongdoing. Translate them into Ukrainian and match these types of wrongdoing to their definitions
bribery
embezzlement
forgery
fraud or racket or scam
market rigging
money laundering
a) making or faking false documents, banknotes
b) illegally giving someone money so that they act in your favour
c) any illegal money-making activity
d) fixing the price of something illegally
e) illegally taking money from the organization you work for
f) disguising the criminal origin of money such as drug money
Task 16. Look at the words and phrases. Match them with the correct definition from the list below
value, bookkeeping, measure of value, store of value, money, medium of exchange, wealth, paper bills
1. banknotes
2. a means of payment, esp. coins and banknotes, given and accepted in buying and selling
3. a means for retaining and accumulating wealth
4. a single standard or "yardstick" that is used to assign values to, and compare the values of products and resources
5. anything that is accepted as payment for products and resources
6. the recording of all money received into and paid out of a company in a book or on a computer file
7. the worth of something in terms of the money or goods for which it can be exchanged;
8. a large amount of money, goods or property
1. A barter system is a system of exchange in which goods or services are traded directly for other goods and services.
2. Primitive societies use the barter system to exchange goods and services.
3. Whale's teeth were once used as a medium of exchange.
4. Money is a common denominator that is used to compare products for purchase.
5. Spending money on a new car is an example of how money services are a store of value.
6. Stored money is protected from inflation.
7. When money retains its value over time, it has stability.
8. Exchanging goods for goods is called a measure of value.
UNIT 11
BANKS
Task 1. Read the text and write out unknown words
TYPES OF BANKS AND THEIR SERVICES
A bank is an institution that deals in money and provides other financial services. Banks are at the heart of any financial system.
Banking is the business a bank is engaged in.
There exist different types of banks but their names may vary from one country to another.
Central banks such as the National Bank (Ukraine), the Bank of England (UK) or the Federal Reserve System (US) look after the government's finance and monetary policy, act as bankers for the state and for commercial banks, and are responsible for issuing banknotes.
Commercial banks deal directly with the public. They offer a wide range of services such as accepting deposits, making loans and managing customers' accounts. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit
Merchant banks don't deal with the public. They provide services for companies. They specialize in raising capital for industry, arranging flotations, takeovers and mergers, and investment portfolios.
Investment banks are firms that control the issue of new securities (shares and bonds).
Savings banks are financial institutions that specialize in providing services such as savings accounts as opposed to general banking services.
Banker's services cover an enormous range of activities today. A full list would include:
Current account services. They are extended to anyone whom banks regard as reliable. A new depositor should be recommended by his employer or should present a reference. If this proves satisfactory the bank will accept a deposit from him which will be entered in his current account. A cheque book will then be issued free of charge. Once the cus¬tomer has received his cheque book he may use the cheques to order the banker to pay out sums of money from his current ac¬count. Money is being paid into and paid out of the account as of¬ten as the customer finds convenient.
Deposit account services. Companies and individuals can deposit cash resources that are not needed at present. They can withdraw the money either any day they need it or after a certain period in case of time deposits.
Savings account services. It enables small savers to put money away for particular purposes, for example for holidays.
Other services:
foreign exchange
foreign exchange transactions
services in foreign trade payments
discounting bills of exchange
granting loans
investment management services
cash dispensers and automated teller machines
safe custody
economic information
banker's credit cards
and many others
Task 2. Give the English for
установа, яка має справу з грошами
надавати фінансові послуги
банківська справа
Національний банк України
піклуватися про монетарну політику
відповідати за емісію грошей
комерційний банк
приймати депозити
надавати позику
заробляти прибуток
торговельний банк
придбання контрольного пакета акцій
злиття (підприємств)
інвестиційний банк
ощадний банк
ощадний рахунок
банківські послуги
пропонувати багато послуг клієнтам
запроваджувати нові послуги
кредитна картка
купувати товари
емітент кредитної картки
розраховуватися за позику
перевищення кредиту
на банківському рахунку
здійснювати платіж
переказувати гроші
пряме дебатування
постійне доручення
іноземна валюта
страхування
Task 3. Match words from list A with words from list В that have a similar meaning
A В
1. savings account service an account
2. make a loan get money by working
3. engage in take care of
4. exist differ
5. vary people
6. look after be
7. public be involved in
8. earn extend a loan
9. manage an account thrift deposit
Task 4. Find suitable opposites to the following words and phrases
definite
to control
to lose profit
commercial banks
withdrawal
Task 5. Find explanation that mean
bank book, bank manager, bank clerk, bank draft, bank charge, bank account, bank deposit, bank statement, bank loan, bank holiday
1. a book that lists all payments into and withdrawals from a customer's bank account
2. the amount of money paid by a customer to the bank for its services
3. a person who serves customers, keeps accounts and does other work in a bank
4. a sum of money left with a bank for safe keeping or to earn interest
5. a cheque that guarantees payment by a bank
6. money that has been lent by a bank to a customer for a fixed period
7. a person employed by a bank to control a particular branch or department
8. (UK) a day, not a Saturday or Sunday, when banks are closed and which is also a general holiday
9. an arrangement with a bank that allows the-customer to pay in and take out money
10. a printed report that shows all the money paid into and out of a customer's bank account within a certain period and the total amount left in the account
Task 6. Look at the words and phrases. Match them with the correct definition from the list below
flotation, loan, deposit, bank, merchant bank, Federal Reserve System, banking, savings bank, savings account, central bank, investment bank, commercial bank
1. the business of running or working in a bank
2. the most important bank in a country because it issues and manages currency and helps to carry out the government's financial policy
3. a bank that provides many different services for its customers, e.g. providing bank accounts and credit cards, arranging loans, etc.
4. a bank that specializes in raising capital for industry. It advises companies on flotations, manages investment portfolios
5. a bank that provides finance for companies, especially by buying stocks and securities and selling them in smaller units to the public
6. a financial institution that specializes in providing services such as savings accounts
7. an organization that holds money, important documents and other valuables in safe keeping, and lends money at interest
8. a sum of money paid into a bank or savings account
9. an account with a bank for personal savings
10. something lent, usually money, on the condition it will be paid back after an agreed period with interest
11. the central banking system of the USA
12. offering company shares for sale to the public or on a stock exchange for the first time
Task 7. Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
1. She opened her................................................... with the Midland Bank last year.
2. She works in .....................................................
3. Her monthly salary was paid into the ..........................................................
4. I made a ...................................................... at the bank this morning.
5. I applied at the bank for a ............................................. at 7% interest.
6. Lloyd's is one of the major..................................................... banks in the UK.
7. The firm has taken advice from a ................................................ bank on the flotation.
8. I put $600 in my .................................................... account last year and
9. The company has had a difficult time since its ................................................. in 2001.
10. The company decided to increase its .................................................... and bought shares in Smith. Ltd.
11. A ............................................... card allows you to buy goods and pay for them later.
Portfolio; flotation; savings; merchant; commercial; loan; deposit; bank; banking; account, credit.
Task 8. Fill in the missing prepositions
The central bank .................. the UK has a number ..................... important functions ..................... the economy. It is the government's bank, which means that it issues and refunds government loans and securities and looks .......................... the National Debt. It is the only bank allowed to issue bank notes ..................... England and Wales. It implements the monetary policy ...................... the government ..................... its control .................... the money supply and interest rates. It also controls the provision ............... international exchange ................ trading. It is a publicly owned organization, largely controlled ....................... the Treasury.
(of (4), in (2), after, though, over, for, by)
Task 9. Answer the following questions
1. What is the bank?
2. What is banking?
3. What types of banks exist in most countries?
4. What functions do central banks perform?
5. What kind of institution is a commercial bank?
6. What is the difference between a national bank and a commercial bank?
7. Who are the clients of a merchant bank?
8. What do merchant banks specialize in?
9. What are investment banks?
10. What is characteristic of a savings bank (as opposed to a merchant bank)?
11. What are the potential advantages of large banks?
12. What is the Federal Reserve System?
Task 10. Translate into English
1. Банк - це установа, яка має справу з грошами та надає різні фінансові послуги.
2. Банківська справа - це бізнес, яким займається банк.
3. Нацбанк України піклується про державні фінанси та монетарну політику.
4. Центральні банки відповідають за емісію грошей.
5. Головна мета комерційного банку - одержання прибуку.
6. Торговельний банк надає послуги компаніям. Він не працює з населенням.
7. Інвестиційний банк - це фірма, яка контролює випуск нових цінних паперів.
8. Ощадний банк спеціалізується в наданні таких послуг, як ощадні рахунки.
9. Комерційні банки це головна ланка в кредитній системі держави.
10. Федеральна резервна система, яка включає 12 федеральних банків та їх філії, контролює американську державну банківську систему.
