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Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням 23.07.2015 02:27
Міністерство освіти і науки України Національний університет водного господарства та природокористування Інститут економіки, менеджменту та права
Кафедра іноземних мов та українознавства
06.09-01
МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ ТА НАВЧАЛЬНІ ЗАВДАННЯ для самостійної роботи з дисципліни «Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням» для студентів I-II курсу заочної форми навчання напрямів підготовки 6.030509 «Облік і аудит», 6.030508 «Фінанси і кредит», 6.030504 «Економіка підприємства»
Рекомендовано до друку методичною комісією Навчально-наукового інституту економіки, менеджменту та права Протокол № від 2013р.
Рівне 2013
Методичні вказівки та навчальні завдання для самостійної роботи з дисципліни «Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням» для студентів I-II курсу заочної форми навчання напрямів підготовки 6.030509 «Облік і аудит», 6.030508 «Фінанси і кредит», 6.030504 «Економіка підприємства» / А.М.Красовська, – Рівне: НУВГП, 2013 – 30 с.
Упорядник – А.М. Красовська, старший викладач кафедри іноземних мов та українознавства
Відповідальний за випуск – М.І. Тадеєва, доктор педагогічних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри іноземних мов та українознавства
© Красовська А.М., 2013
© Національний університет водного господарства та природокористування, 2013
Передмова Створення Європейського простору вищої освіти висуває складні завдання щодо збільшення мобільності студентів, підвищення їх конкурентноздатності на ринку праці, більш ефективного міжнародного спілкування, легшого доступу до інформації та більш глибокого взаєморозуміння. Відповідно до Національної Програми «Англійська мова для професійного спілкування»(АМПС) мінімально прийнятний рівень володіння мовою (РВМ) для бакалаврів є В2 (незалежний користувач), який передбачає формування у студентів загальних та професійно орієнтованих комунікативних мовленнєвих компетенцій (лінгвістичної, соціолінгвістичної і прагматичної) для забезпечення їхнього ефективного спілкування в академічному та професійному середовищі. На І курсі (1-й рік навчання) навчання спрямоване на знайомство та засвоєння загальноспеціальної лексики (галузь знань 0305), повторення та систематизацію форм активного граматичного мінімуму. ІІ курс (2-й рік навчання) – це етап вузької спеціалізації, спрямований на опанування більш високим рівнем мовних знань (повторення та систематизацію форм пасивного граматичного мінімуму) та професійної комунікативної компетенції. Основною формою вивчення англійської мови за професійним спрямуванням на заочному відділенні є самостійна робота студентів, яка включає: – виконання завдань, спрямованих на розвиток як мовленнєвих (читання, анотування, говоріння, письмо), так і мовних компетенцій (лексика, граматика); – виконання завдань для самоконтролю. Дані «Методичні вказівки та навчальні завдання» мають на меті забезпечити належний рівень розвитку мовленнєвих компетенцій та мовних знань студентів напрямів підготовки 6.030509 «Облік і аудит», 6.030508 «Фінанси і кредит», 6.030504 «Економіка підприємства». Методичні вказівки та умови навчальних завдань укладені відповідно до робочої програми «Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням» (2013) і складаються із «Завдання 1, 2». Кожне завдання має чотири варіанти. Завдання розраховані як для самостійної роботи, так і роботи в аудиторії.
Вимоги до виконання завдань для самостійної роботи. Протягом 1-го та 2-го року навчання студенти мають виконати два завдання (№1 – на першому курсі; №2 – на другому курсі). Кожне завдання має чотири варіанти. Номер варіанта визначається викладачем відповідно до напряму підготовки («Облік і аудит», «Фінанси і кредит», «Економіка підприємства»).Завдання для самостійної роботи виконуються в робочому зошиті разом з іншими завданнями, передбаченими програмою. Захист роботи, виконаної самостійно відбувається під час екзаменаційної сесії у формі співбесіди з викладачем, що дає можливість з'ясувати самостійність виконання роботи, вміння студента самостійно вивчити мовний матеріал, робити адекватний переклад, писати анотацію. Викладач може запропонувати студенту виконати будь-який інший варіант завдання в аудиторії.Для виконання завдання № 1 студент повинен активізувати знання граматичного мінімуму, отриманого в середній школі (The Noun, The Article, The Adjective, The Pronoun, Indefinite Tenses, Continuous Tenses, Perfect Tenses, Sequence of Tenses, Modal Verbs) та опрацювати тексти з «Навчальних завдань з англійської мови з розвитку навичок читання та усного мовлення для студентів I-II курсів факультету економіки заочної форми навчання» (086-119, Text 1,2,3,4,5,8,10,11,16).Для виконання завдання № 2 необхідно активізувати знання пасивного граматичного мінімуму (The Infinitive, The Participle, The Gerund, Conditional Sentences) та опрацювати тексти з вищезазначених навчальних завдань (086-119, Text 6,7,9,12,13,14,15,17,18).
Завдання №1 Варіант – 1 Завдання 1. Знайдіть в правій колонці українські еквіваленти англійських слів і словосполучень:
Завдання 2. Прочитайте текст “AccountingandBookkeeping” і виконайте наступні за ним вправи: Accounting and Bookkeeping. 1. The aim of accounting is to show a financial condition of a company. It is an accounting department of a firm that records and measures all relevant financial data of its business activity. There are two types of records which are the most important ones. It is the income statement, on the one hand, and the balance sheet, on the other hand. Who are the users of accounting records? There is a wide range of different users of these records or, as specialists often say financial reporting or financial statements. They are stockholders, present and potential investors and creditors, management, independent analysts, banks, debtors, competitors, tax bodies, government. 2. Let us consider the most important terms and definitions in accounting. To begin with, accounting can be defined as recording and measuring of all financial data concerning a given business or organization’s activity. Financial Statements are the central feature of accounting because they are the primary means of communicating important accounting information to users. They, so to say, show business in financial terms. The most important financial documents are: a) Profit and Loss Accounts; b) Balance Sheets; c) Cash-flow Forecast. 3. Profit and loss accounts give a “history” of company’s finances during the previous year for some period. They have three sections: a. Trading section. It shows the revenue from sales and the costs in producing those sales. b. Profit and loss section. It shows the costs of general overheads such as administration and distribution. c. Appropriation section. It shows how the received profit is distributed to shareholders and how much profit remains as reserves. 4. Balance sheets show the financial position of a company on a certain date. Figuratively speaking, a balance sheet provides the so-called “a snapshot” of a company’s wealth at a very given moment of time. It has three sections: 1. Assets (fixed and current); 2. Creditors (current and long-term liabilities); 3. Capital and Reserves (company’s issued share capital). 5. If money is often referred to as “the blood of business” and accounting is referred as “the language of business”, then double-entry system may be referred as “the eyes of accounting”. The double-entry system of accounting requires that for each transaction there must be one or more accounts debited and one or more accounts credited. After all, the rule requires that total debits must equal total credits. Look at the accounting equation: Assets=Liabilities + Owner’s Equity. 6. Bookkeepers deal with taxes and cash flow which reflect business transactions of a company, such as sales and purchases, receipts and disbursements.
Bookkeepers first record figures in the books or Journals. Of course the books of today are computer files. At the end of each period bookkeepers post the totals of each book into the Ledger. As we see bookkeepers are not librarians, who also keep books. They are not bookmakers, who “make books”. They are specialists who record business transactions and periodically do a trial to see if both sides of an account book match. Accountants, however, analyze financial records and decide how to present them. It is a special art to prepare the relevant meaningful financial report from the given data. In short, accountants make financial information understandable for users. The accountant also determines ways in which the business will grow in the future. They help to expand or reorganize the business.
Завдання 3. Письмово дайте відповіді на запитання до прочитаного тексту: 1. What is the aim of accounting? 2. What two types of records do you know? 3. What users of financial statement can you name? 4. What do the financial statements show? 5. What are the three most important financial documents? 6. Do profit and loss accounts give “a history” of a company’s finances? 7. How many sections are there in a balance sheet? 8. Do you know the essence of the double entry system? What is it? 9. What do bookkeepers deal with? 10. What is an accountant responsible for?
Завдання 4. Зробіть письмовий переклад абзаців 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Завдання 5. Проанотуйте 6 абзац тексту українською мовою, використайте наступні кліше: – Тема тексту … – Мета тексту … – У тексті розглядається питання … – Автор відмічає (підкреслює, наголошує, розказує, описує) … – Відмічається (наголошується, підкреслюється, описується) … – Крім того … – Спочатку (далі, наприкінці) автор … Завдання 6. Виберіть правильну форму дієслова для наступних речень: 1. This bookkeeper … with taxes. a) deal; b) deals. 2. The accountant … financial records at the moment. a) analyzes; b) is analyzing. 3. The bookkeeper … figures in the journal yesterday. a) recorded; b) records. 4. Money … often … to as “the blood of business”. a) is referred; b) are referred. 5. For each transaction there must … one or more accounts debited and one or more accounts credited. a) to be; b) be. 6. Financial Statements … the central feature of accounting. a) are; b) is. 7. When …the double-entry system appear? a) does; b) did. 8. She … a trial yet. a) did not do; b) has not done. 9. Profit and loss accounts … three sections. a) has; b) have. 10. The accountant said that she … the relevant meaningful financial report from the given data the previous week. a) prepared; b) had prepared.
Завдання 7. Заповніть пропуски відповідним словом: 1. The aim of …is to show a financial condition of a company. a) auditing; b) accounting. 2. … first record figures in the books or journals. a) bookkeepers; b) accountants. 3. … help to expand or reorganize the business. a) bookkeepers; b) accountants. 4. … requires that for each transaction there must be one or more accounts debited and one or more accounts credited. a) The double-entry system; b) The balance sheet. 5. … can be fixed and current. a) Assets; b) Capital. 6. … is referred as “the language of business”. a) Accounting; b) Money. 7. The accounting equation is: Assets = … + Owner’s Equity. a) Liabilities; b) Share capital. 8. … give a “history” of company’s finances during the previous year for some period. a) Balance sheet; b) Profit and loss accounts. 9. At the end of each period bookkeepers post the totals of each book into the … . a) ledger; b) journal. 10. Stockholders, present and potential investors and creditors, management, independent analysts, banks, debtors, competitors, tax bodies, government are the … of accounting records. a) users; b) compilers.
Варіант – 2 Завдання 1. Знайдіть в правій колонці українські еквіваленти англійських слів і словосполучень:
Завдання 2. Прочитайте текст “ManagerialandFinancialAccounting” і виконайте наступні за ним вправи: ManagerialandFinancialAccounting 1. Accounting is the measurement and reporting to various users (inside and outside the organization) financial information regarding the economic activities of the firm. Accounting has been called the language of business which may make you think accounting is only for profit seeking firms. However, it is also the language used to report financial information about non-profit organizations such as churches, schools, hospitals, fraternities and government units. Accounting can be divided into two major categories: managerial accounting and financial accounting. 2. Managerial accounting is used to provide information and analyses to managers within the organization to assist them in decision making. Managerial accounting is concerned with measuring and reporting costs of production, marketing, and other functions (cost accounting); preparing budgets (planning); checking whether or not units are staying within their budgets (controlling); and designing strategies to minimize taxes (tax accounting). 3. Simple analyses of corporate figures can disclose very important information. For example, a slight month-to-month increase in payroll costs may not appear significant. But multiply that increase by 12 months, and the increase in costs can be disastrous. Monitoring figures such as profit margins, unit sales, travel expenses, cash flow, inventory turnover, and other such data is critical to the success of a firm. 4. Financial accounting differs from managerial accounting because the information and analyses are for people outside the organization. This information goes to owners and prospective owners, creditors and lenders, employee unions customers, suppliers, governmental units, and the general public. These external users are interested in the organization’s profits, its ability to pay its bills, and other financial information. Much of the information is contained in the annual report, a yearly statement of the financial condition and progress of the organization.
Завдання 3. Письмово дайте відповіді на наступні запитання до прочитаного тексту: 1. How can accounting be defined? 2. Is accounting only for profit seeking firms? 3. What is managerial accounting concerned with? 4. What information is top management’s decision making based on? 5. Who decides how much money the firm pays in taxes and how to legally minimise that amount? 6. Does financial accounting differ from managerial accounting? Why? 7. What are external users interested in? 8. What financial documents keep the users more current?
Завдання 4. Зробіть письмовий переклад абзаців 1, 3.
Завдання 5. (дивись завдання 5 варіанту 1 сторінка 7).
Завдання 6. Виберіть правильну форму дієслова для наступних речень: 1. Accounting can … divided into two categories. а) to be; b) be. 2. Financial accounting … from managerial accounting. a) differ; b) differs. 3. Accounting … the language of business. a) has been called; b) have been called. 4. Simple analyses of corporate figures can … very important information. a) disclose; b) to disclose. 5. The accountant … costs of production at the moment. a) measures; b) measuring. 6. The auditor said that the organization … its bills on time. a) pays; b) paid. 7. The accountant … just … some strategies to minimize taxes. a) has designed; b) had designed. 8. This information … to prospective owners yesterday. a) goes; b) went. 9. External users … interested in the organizations profit. a) are; b) was. 10. We think this accountant … financial information properly. a) will present; b) present.
Завдання 7. Заповніть пропуски відповідним словом: 1. … has been called the language of business. a) Accounting; b) Recording. 2. … is used to provide information to managers within the organization. a) Financial accounting; b) Managerial accounting. 3. Prospective owners are interested in … . a) financial accounting; b) managerial accounting. 4. Accounting can be divided into … categories. a) two; b) three. 5. A hospital is a … organization. a) profit seeking; b) non-profit. 6. Managerial accounting is concerned with measuring of … . a) production costs; b) annual report. 7. … are external users of financial accounting. a) Top managers; b) Lenders. 8. Much of the information is contained in the … . a) annual report; b) money. 9. … is a yearly statement of the financial condition and progress of the organization. a) Balance sheet; b) Annual report. 10. An … designs strategies to minimize taxes. a) manager; b) accountant.
Варіант – 3 Завдання 1. Знайдіть в правій колонці українські еквіваленти англійських слів і словосполучень:
Завдання 2. Прочитайте текст “Formsofbusiness” і виконайте наступні за ним вправи: Forms of Business 1. There are three forms of organization of your business. These forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. Which these forms of organization you choose depends on such questions as the size of your business, whether you are the only owner of your business or you have partners. 2. Sole Proprietorship. A sole proprietorship is the simplest organizational form. There is one owner of the business, who usually takes the title of President. So he or she can make any decision without consulting anyone. Such kinds of business are in the service industries, such as repairing shops, restaurants, etc. 3. Partnership. A partnership means that there is more than one owner to carry out business. And each partner declares his or her share of profit or loss on the personal income tax return. There is a special type of partnership, called a limited partnership, where the limited partner is not involved in the management of the firm. 4. This form of organization is useful in such professional fields as law, insurance, and some industries, for example, oil prospecting. But partnership has some disadvantages. Partnership business fails when one of the partners loses his interest or disagrees with the other. 5. Corporation. A corporation is a more formal way of organization. It is established for the purpose of making profit and operated by managers. Corporation involves registration with a state department of commerce. There are some advantages, such as being able to attract financial resources, and to attract talented specialists and managers due to high salaries. In general, this form is economically better for business when its profit reaches a great sum of money.
Завдання 3. Письмово дайте відповіді на наступні запитання до прочитаного тексту: 1. What forms of business organizations do you know? 2. What is a sole proprietorship? 3. What is a limited partnership? 4. What is a corporation? 5. What are the advantages of corporation?
Завдання 4. Зробіть письмовий переклад абзаців 1, 2, 5.
Завдання 5. (дивись завдання 5 варіанту 1 сторінка 7).
Завдання 6. Виберіть правильну форму дієслова для наступних речень: 1. There … three forms of organization of business. a) is; b) are. 2. He … set up a corporation. a) have; b) has 3. This corporation … bankrupt last year. a) went; b) is going. 4. The owner can … any decision without consulting anyone. a) to make; b) make. 5. Corporation … by managers. a) is operated; b) are operated. 6. He … to set up a sole proprietorship. a) is going; b) will be going. 7. We think their business … successful. a) will be; b) are. 8. The form of business you choose … on many questions. a) depends; b) depend. 9. This corporation has to … profit. a) made; b) make. 10. Corporations are able … financial resources. a) to attract; b) attract.
Завдання 7. Заповніть пропуски відповідним словом: 1.A sole proprietorship is an organization form of … . a) only one owner; b) more than one owner. 2.A partnership is a business form of … . a) more than one owner; b) more than 1000 owner. 3.A corporation is a business form … . a) operated by managers; b) operated by owners. 4. A corporation is … way of organization. a) the simplest; b) a more formal. 5. Repairing shops are in the … . a) service industries; b) in such professional field as law. 6. … are in the service industries . a) Corporations; b) Sole proprietorship. 7. There are … forms of organization of business. a) three; b) two. 8. … can make any decision without consulting anyone . a) A manager; b) A sole proprietor. 9. The limited partner is not involved in the management of the … . a) limited partnership; b) corporation. 10. … is able to attract financial resources. a) A sole proprietorship; b) A corporation.
Варіант – 4 Завдання 1. Знайдіть в правій колонці українські еквіваленти англійських слів і словосполучень:
Завдання 2. Прочитайте текст “Supply, Demand, and Market Prices” і виконайте наступні за ним вправи: Supply, Demand, and Market Prices 1. Market economies are directed by prices. Prices ration scarce resources, and they motivate production. As a general rule, the more scarce something is, the higher its price will be, and the fever people will want to buy it. Economists describe this as the rationing effect of prices. 2. Prices encourage producers to increase or decrease their level of output. Economists refer to this as the production-motivating function of prices. Prices send out "signals" to buyers and sellers, keeping the economy responsive to the forces of supply and demand. 3. Demand is a consumer's willingness and ability to buy a product or service at a particular time and place. If you would love to own a new pair of athletic shoes but can't afford them, economists would describe that your feelings are desire, not demand. If, however, you had the money and were ready to spend it on shoes, you would be included in their demand calculations. 4. Supply, which is the quantity of goods or services that sellers offer for sale at all possible prices at a particular time and place, varies directly with price. In other words, at a higher price, more goods and services will be offered for sale than at a lower one, and vice versa. 5. The price at which goods and services actually change hands is known as the equilibrium, or market price. It is the point at which the quantity demanded exactly equals the quantity supplied. Market price can be represented graphically as the point of intersection of the supply and demand curves.
Завдання 3. Письмово дайте відповіді на наступні запитання до прочитаного тексту: 1. What are the functions of price? 2. What is demand? 3. What is supply? 4. What is equilibrium or market price?
Завдання 4. Зробіть письмовий переклад абзаців 3, 4, 5.
Завдання 5. (дивись завдання 5 варіанту 1 сторінка 7).
Завдання 6. Виберіть правильну форму дієслова для наступних речень: 1. Buyers and sellers … free to enter or leave the market. a) is; b) are. 2. Market price can … graphically. a) to be represented; b) be represented. 3. What … market economies directed by? a) are; b) is. 4. Prices … out "signals". a) sends; b) send. 5. He said they … afford a new pair of shoes. a) couldn't; b) can't. 6. The … something is, the higher its price will be. a) most scarce; b) more scarce. 7. Economists think the demand for these goods … elastic in future. a) is; b) will be. 8. The demand for these goods … lately. a) increased; b) has increased. 9. The supply of these goods … last year. a) decreased; b) has decreased. 10. When … we have an increase or a decrease in demand?. a) do; b) are.
Завдання 7. Заповніть пропуски відповідним словом: 1.Market economies are directed by … . a) prices; b) consumers. 2.… is a consumer's willingness and ability to buy a product. a) supply; b) demand. 3.Prices encourage … to increase the output. a) producers; b) consumers. 4.Market price is known as … . a) equilibrium; b) rationing effect of prices. 5. … is a quantity of goods or services that is offered for sale. a) Demand; b) Supply 6. Economists often use … to illustrate their work. a) tables and graphs; b) prices. 7. Prices keep the economy responsible to the forces of … . a) demand; b) supply and demand. 8. Prices ration … resources. a) scarce; b) abundant. 9. The demand … illustrated the demand for these goods. a) curve; b) law. 10. A …. is a person who buys goods and services. a) consumer; b) bidder.
Завдання № 2 Варіант – 1 Завдання 1. Знайдіть в правій колонці українські еквіваленти англійських слів і словосполучень:
Завдання 2. Прочитайте текст “Money” і виконайте наступні за ним вправи: Money 1. Money is anything is commonly accepted as a means of paying for the goods and services individuals need and want. Money enables us to function in society and to have the thing we need to survive – things such as housing, food, clothing, transportation, heat and water. 2. Money has not always been the coins and paper bills known to us. Throughout the history various things of value have been used as money. For example, in many parts of the ancient word, salt was used as money because it was rare and necessary to life. Among many early cultures, furs or pelts were used as money. Eventually valuable metals became the most common type of money. 3. As a medium of exchange, money enables two individuals to exchange without having to barter; that is the carpenter doesn't have to build a step for the grocer every time he wants a carton of milk. The carpenter can build steps or anything else for anybody, receive money for his services, and use the money to purchase milk from the grocer. The grocer can it turn use the money received from the carpenter and others to purchase a suit from the tailor. 4. As a measure of relative value, money allows two dissimilar items to be purchased on a similar basis. It is in terms of money that we think of value. How many cartons of milk should be grocer pay for a suit? If asked that question, you might ask, how much is a carton of milk worth? And how much is the suit worth? You would want to define the exchange in terms of the relative value of the two items and would use the value to determine how many cartons of milk it should take to buy a suit. Money helps to think of different things in terms of a common value base. 5. As a store of value, money makes it possible for us to hold onto the value over time. If the grocer would have to hold the value of his milk in milk, he could not hold it for long because it would spoil. If he sells the milk and gets money for it, he can hold the money until he wishes to purchase something.
Завдання 3. Письмово дайте відповіді на запитання до прочитаного тексту: 1. What is money? 2. What does money enable people to do? 3. What things of value have been used as money? 4. What metals became the most common type of money? 5. How many functions does money have?
Завдання 4. Зробіть письмовий переклад абзаців 3, 4, 5.
Завдання 5. (дивись завдання 5 варіанту 1 сторінка 7).
Завдання 6. Перекладіть наступні речення на рідну мову: 1. We expect modern money to be small enough. 2. It is important for modern money to be attractive. 3. The British currency is known to be indicated by symbol £. 4. The idea of buying a new car was brilliant. 5. Money has three basic functions, a medium of exchange being one of the most important. 6. If he had enough money he would pay the bill. 7. I wish my friend had enough money to by the computer. 8. We know furs or pelts to have been used as money. 9. Money enables two individuals to exchange without having to barter. 10. Money makes it possible for us to hold onto the value over time.
Завдання 7. Заповніть пропуски відповідним словом: 1. We use … to pay for the goods and services. a) money; b) furs. 2. Money … always been the coins and paper bills. a) has not; b) has. 3. Salt used as money in ancient world. a) was not; b) was. 4. Valuable … became the most common type of money. a) metals; b) salt. 5. Money has … basic functions. a) two; b) three. 6. As a …, money makes it possible for us to hold onto the value over time. a) medium of exchange; b) store of value. 7. Money allows two dissimilar items to be purchased on a … basis. a) different; b) similar. 8. As a …, money enables two individuals to exchange without having to barter. a) measure of relative value; b) medium of exchange. 9. In primitive society a system of … was used. a) barter; b) money. 10. A … is a piece of metal. a) paper bill; b) coin.
Варіант – 2 Завдання 1. Знайдіть в правій колонці українські еквіваленти англійських слів і словосполучень:
Завдання 2. Прочитайте текст “Inflation” і виконайте наступні за ним вправи: Inflation 1. Inflation has a vital affect on a nation´s economy. We all can notice that money could buy a lot more some time ago than it can these days. It means that purchasing power of money is lower now comparing to what it used to be. 2. Economists use the terms purchasing power or value to describe the quantity of goods and services we can buy with our money. When prices increase, our money cannot buy as much. Its purchasing power declines. 3. An extend period of raising prices is called inflation. When a price raises, there is both a winner and loser. The loser is a buyer who has to pay more. However there is a benefit to the seller, who gets more. When people find the goods they sell rising in price, they see the increase as perfectly right, normal, and justified. On the other hand, when they find goods they buy rising in price, they often view the increase as evidence of the seller’s greed. 4. It is convenient to identify the major types of inflation: The most familiar form of inflation is called demand-pulled inflation. It suggests that demand is pulling up the price level. If the demand for goods and services increases faster than production, there simply won’t be enough goods and services to go around. 5. Every market in changing supply condition can also raise prices. The cost of producing goods and services increases and the producers can no longer afford to sell goods at prevailing prices. They have to raise prices. The result is a cost-push inflation. 6. However, when inflation gets beyond a moderate rate, there is a widespread agreement that it becomes a menace. It becomes more than a mere transfer of money from the buyer to the seller; it interferes with the production and exchange of goods. The situation during a very rapid inflation, when economic activity is severely disrupted is called hyperinflation.
Завдання 3. Письмово дайте відповіді на запитання до прочитаного тексту: 1. Why does inflation have a vital affect on a nation´s economy? 2. Why do economists use the term "purchasing power"? 3. What is inflation? 4. Who is a loser during inflation? 5. Who is a winner during inflation? 6. What is the difference between cost-push inflation and demand-pulled inflation? 7. When does hyperinflation occur?
Завдання 4. Зробіть письмовий переклад абзаців 1,2, 3.
Завдання 5. (дивись завдання 5 варіанту 1 сторінка 7).
Завдання 6. Перекладіть наступні речення на рідну мову: 1. Demand-pulled inflation is considered to be the most familiar. 2. If the demand for goods and services increases faster than production, there simply won't be enough goods and services to go around. 3. We know every market to change supply condition. 4. It is important for this producer to raise prices. 5. Buyers wish there were not any inflation. 6. The economists identify some types of inflation, hyperinflation being one of them. 7. Having raised prices the producers caused cost-push inflation. 8. The sellers stopped raising prices. 9. The government is responsible for declining of purchasing power. 10. If there were no inflation, this money could buy a lot more.
Завдання 7. Заповніть пропуски відповідним словом: 1. Purchasing power means the … of goods and services we can buy with our money. a) quantity; b) quality. 2. An extend period of … prices is called inflation. a) raising; b) decreasing. 3. When prices raise there are … . a) winners; b) winners and losers. 4. The … is a buyer. a) winner; b) loser. 5. Demand-pulled inflation suggests that … is pulling up the price level. a) demand; b) supply. 6. During cost-push inflation producer sell goods at prevailing prices. a) can't; b) must.
7. … interferes with the production and exchange of goods. a) Lost-push inflation; b) Hyperinflation. 8. Inflation has a … affect on a nation's economy. a) positive; b) damaging. 9. During inflation the purchasing power … . a) is increasing; b) is decreasing. 10. Inflation … people differently. a) affects; b) effects.
Варіант – 3 Завдання 1. Знайдіть в правій колонці українські еквіваленти англійських слів і словосполучень:
Завдання 2. Прочитайте текст “ProductionandMarketing” і виконайте наступні за ним вправи: Production and Marketing 1. A nation's standard of living is measured by the amount of goods and services available to its citizens. One way to calculate living standard is to divide total production (the gross national product) by the population (Production % Population = per capita GNP). When production is increasing faster than the population, more goods and services are available per person, and living standards are likely to improve. 2. Productivity is a measure of how efficiently we work. To measure productivity, economists determine the amount of goods and services produced for every unit of input. Input can be any resource that goes into the production process. Productivity is usually measured in terms of output per worker per hour. Among the principal ingredients of productivity are the education and training of workers. Well-educated and skilled workers perform their tasks more efficiently than those who are unskilled or poorly educated. Another ingredient in productivity is the enthusiasm workers have for their jobs. Those who like their jobs and feel they gain dignity and respect from the work will produce more than those who lack motivation to do their best. To use machinery efficiently, producers must also use division of labor – the practice of breaking down large, complex tasks into a series of small ones so that each worker can become an expert in his or her particular task. 3. To an economist, everything that takes place between production and consumption falls into the category of marketing. Marketing, then, includes the activities that bring the buyer and seller together. Marketing includes buying and selling, transporting and storing, product planning, market research, product support, customer service, financing, insuring and other activities.
Завдання 3. Письмово дайте відповіді на запитання до прочитаного тексту: 1. How is nation's standard of living measured by? 2. When are living standards likely to improve? 3. What is productivity? 4. What do economists determine to measure productivity? 5. What are the principal ingredients of productivity? 6. What category does everything that takes place between production and consumption fall into? 7. What activities does marketing include?
Завдання 4. Зробіть письмовий переклад абзаців 1, 3.
Завдання 5. (дивись завдання 5 варіанту 1 сторінка 7).
Завдання 6. Перекладіть наступні речення на рідну мову: 1. To use machinery efficiently, producers must use division of labor. 2. They seem to be improving nation's standard of living. 3. The employers want their workers to perform their task more efficiently. 4. Having divided the GNP by the population they calculated living standard. 5. They insisted on productivity being improved. 6. If these workers didn't lack motivation, they would perform their tasks better. 7. It is necessary for the sales manager to find new markets. 8. The key part of marketing is considered to be promotion. 9. Knowing the principal ingredients of productivity they managed to improve it. 10. Mr. Brown wants to become an expert in his particular task.
Завдання 7. Заповніть пропуски відповідним словом: 1. … is a measure of how efficiently we work. a) productivity; b) consumption. 2. New … can be used by business to improve productivity. a) output; b) technologies. 3. A nation's … is measured by the amount of goods and services available to its citizens. a) standard of living; b) GNP. 4. … is a key part of marketing because it is the way business get their messages to consumers. a) promotion; b) storing. 5. Societies obtain … either by producing them themselves or by trading what they produce. a) productivity; b) goods and services. 6. … is where buyers and sellers come together . a) Market; b) Plants. 7. … is the maximum number of unites it can produce. a) input; b) firm's capacity. 8. … are able to employ the optimum number of workers and productivity increases a) employees; b) employers. 9. … is the practice of breaking down large tasks into a series of small ones. a) Division of labor; b) Productivity. 10. Everything that takes place between production and consumption falls into the category of … . a) transporting; b) marketing.
Варіант – 4 Завдання 1. Знайдіть в правій колонці українські еквіваленти англійських слів і словосполучень:
Завдання 2. Прочитайте текст “National-incomeaccounting” і виконайте наступні за ним вправи: National-income accounting 1. National-income accounting is the measurement of aggregate economic activity, particularly national income and its components. The measurement of aggregate economic activity by national-income accounting serves two basic functions. First, it enables us to identify economic problems. The second function of national-income accounting is to provide an objective basis for evaluating policy. National-income accounts help us not only to measure the economy but also to understand how it functions. 2. Gross national product (GNP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a given time period. GNP per capita relates the total value of annual output to the number of people who share that output; it refers to the average GNP per person. 3. Even when we focus on domestic market activity we encounter problems in calculating GNP. A very basic problem arises from the fact the production of output typically involves a series of distinct stages. Consider the production of bread, for example. For bread to reach the supermarket, the farmer must grow some wheat, the miller must convert it to flour, and the baker must make bread with it. 4. We must focus on the value of final goods and services and exclude intermediate goods from our calculation. Intermediate goods are goods or services purchased for use as input in the production of final goods or services. Nominal GNP is the value of final output produced in a given period, measured in the prices of that period (current prices). To distinguish increases in the quantity of goods and services from increases in their prices, we must construct a measure of GNP that takes into account price level changes. We do so by distinguishing between real GNP and nominal GNP. Nominal GNP is the value of final output measured in that year's prices, whereas calculating real GNP, we value goods and services at constant prices.
Завдання 3. Письмово дайте відповіді на запитання до прочитаного тексту: 1. What is national-income accounting? 2. What are the basic functions of national-income accounting? 3. What is GNP? 4. What is GNP per capita used for? 5. What is nominal GNP? 6. What is real GNP?
Завдання 4. Зробіть письмовий переклад абзаців 1, 2, 3.
Завдання 5. (дивись завдання 5 варіанту 1 сторінка 7).
Завдання 6. Перекладіть наступні речення на рідну мову: 1. The measurement of aggregate economic activity is considered to be national-income accounting. 2. The production manager wanted to exclude intermediate goods from the calculation. 3. Nominal GNP is the value of final output produced in a given period. 4. The production of output is known to involve a series of distinct stages. 5. It is necessary for the producer to raise the price for his output. 6. If they took into account national-income accounting they would understand how the economy functions. 7. Having measured the aggregate economic activity by national-income accounting the economist identified economic problems. 8. It is important to distinguish increases in the quantity of goods and services from increases in their prices. 9. This bread is worth buying. 10. The farmer stopped growing this of wheat.
Завдання 7. Заповніть пропуски відповідним словом: 1. National-income accounting is the measurement of aggregate … . a) demand; b) economic activity. 2. Intermediate goods are used as … . a) input; b) output. 3. Final goods and services are called … . a) input; b) output. 4. Nominal GNP is measured … . a) in that year's prices; b) at constant prices. 5. Real GNP is measured … . a) in that year's prices; b) at constant prices. 6. The production of … typically involves some stages. a) output; b) input. 7. GNP is the total market … of all goods and services produced in a given time period. a) supply; b) value. 8. National-income accounts help us to measure the … . a) economy; b) production. 9. National-income accounting has … function. a) two; b) three. 10. … relates the total value of annual output to the number of people who share that output. a) GNP per capita; b) Nominal GNP. КомментарииКомментариев пока нет Пожалуйста, авторизуйтесь, чтобы оставить комментарий. |