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Четвертий курс. Зимова сесія 10.08.2014 18:39
Четвертий курс. Зимова сесія. Вступ до контрольної роботи № 7
I. Граматичні теми: ConditionalII, Conditional III. II.Теми для співбесіди: What’s Management. Managerial Functions and Roles. Презентація своєї спеціальності.
Conditional II
1.Умовні речення II та III (ConditionalII and Conditional III)вживаються для вираження дії, яка б могла відбутися за певних умов. Зазвичай вживаються складнопідрядні речення. Умовні речення ІІ вживаються для вираження дії, яка б могла відбутися в майбутньому часі. Наприклад: If I had time I would help you. (Якби б в мене був час, я б тобі допоміг). У головній частині ми вживаємо ‘would’ і дієслово, а в підрядній (умовній) частині вживаємо минулий простий час (Past Simple). Умовні речення ІІІ вживаються для вираження дії, яка б могла відбутися, але в минулому часі. Наприклад: If I had told you yesterday you would have helped me. (Якби б ти мені сказав вчора, а б тобі допоміг). У головній частині ми вживаємо ‘would” + ‘have’ + 3 форма дієслова, а в підрядній частині (умовній) вживаємо Past Perfect (‘had’ + 3 форма дієслова).
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What’s Management?
Management is the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives in a changing environment. Ventral to this process is the effective and efficient use of limited resources. Five components of this definition require closer examination: 1) working with and through others, 2) achieving organizational objectives, 3) balancing effectiveness and efficiency, 4) makinf the most of limited resources, and 5) coping with a changing environment. Working With and Through Others. Management is, above all else, a social process. Many collective purposes bring individuals together – building cars, providing emergency health care, publishing books and so on. But in all cases, managers are responsible for getting things done by working with and through others. Achieving Organizational Objectives. An objective is a target to be strived for and, one hopes, attained. Like individuals, organizations are usually more successful when their activities are quided by challenging, yet achievable, objectives. From an individual perspective, scheduling a course load becomes more systematic and efficient when a student sets an objective, such as graduating with a specific degree by a given date. Although personal objectives are typically within the reach of individual effort, organizarional objectives or goals always require collective action. Organizational objectives serve as measuring sticks for performance. Without organizational objectives, the management process, like a trip without a specific destination, would be aimless and wasteful. Balancing Effectiveness and Efficiency. Distinguishing between effectiveness and efficiency is much more than an exercise in semantics. The relation between these two terms is important, and it presents managers with a never-ending dilemma. Effectiveness entails promptly achieving a stated objective. Swinging a sledgehammer against the wall, for example, would be an effective way to kill a bothersome fly. But given the reality of limited resources, effectiveness alone is not enough. Efficiency enters the picture when the resources required to achieve an objective are weighed against what was actually accomplished. The more favorable the ratio of benefits to costs, the greater the efficiency. Although a sledgehammer is an effective tool for killing flies, it is highly inefficient when the wasted effort and smashed walls are taken into consideration. A fly swatter is both an effective and an efficient tool for killing a single housefly. Managers are responsible for balancing effectiveness and efficiency. Too much emphasis in either direction leads to mismanagement. On the one hand, managers must be effective, although those who waste resources in the process flirt with bankruptcy. On the other hand, managers need to be efficient by containing costs as much as possible and conserving limited resources. But managers who are too stingy with resources may not get the job done. Making the Most of Limited Resources. We live in a word of scarcity. Those who are concerned with such matters worry not only about running out of nonrenewable energy and material resources but also about the lopsided use of those resources. Because of their common focus on resources, economics and management are closely related. Economics is the study of how limited resources are distributed among alternative uses. In productive organizations, managers are the trustees of limited resources, and it is their job to see that the basic factors of production – land, labor, and capital – are used efficiently as well as effectively. Managers could be called “applied economics”. Coping With a Changing Environment. Successful managers are the ones who anticipate and adjust to changing circumstances rather than being passively swept along or caught unprepared. Employers today are hiring managers who can take unfamiliar situations in stride. Business Week recently served up this amusing but challenging profile of tomorrow’s managers: “the next generation of corporate leaders will need the charm of a debutante, the flexibility of a gymnast, and the quickness of a panther. A few foreign languages and a keen understanding of technology won’t be hurt either”. Also in the mix are a sence of humour, passion, and the ability to make fast decisions
Managerial Functions
For nearly a century, the most popular approach to describing what managers do has been the functional view. It has been popular because it characterizes the management process as a sequence of rational and logical steps. Henri Fayol, a French industrialist turned writer, became the father of the functional approach in 1916 when he identified five managerial functions: planning, organizing, command, coordination, and control. Fayol claimed that these five functions were the common denominators of all managerial jibs, whatever the purpose of the organization. Over the years Fayol’s original list of managerial functions has been updated and expanded by management scholars. Now there are eight managerial functions: planning, decision making, organizing, staffing, communicating, motivating, leading and controlling. Planning. Commonly referred to as the primary management function, planning is the formulation of future cources of action. Plans and the objectives on which they are based give purpose and direction to the organization, its subunits and contributing individuals. Decision Making. Managers choose among alternative cources of action when they make decisions. Making intelligent and ethical decisions in today’s complex world is a major management challenge. Organizing. Structural considerations such as the chain of command, division of labor, and assignment of responsibility are part of the organizing function, Careful organizing helps ensure the efficient use of human resources. Staffing. Organizations are only as good as the people in them. Staffing consists of recruiting, training and developing people who can contribute to the organized effort. Communicating. Today’s managers are responsible for communicating to their employees the technical knowledge, instructions, rules, and information required to get the job done. Recognizing that communication is a two-way process, managers should be responsive to feedback and upward communications. Motivating. An important aspect of management today is motivating individuals to pursue collective objectives by satisfying needs and meeting expectations with meaningful work and valued rewards. Flexible work schedules can be motivational for today’s busy employees. Leading. Managers become inspiring leaders by serving as role models and adapting their management style to the demands of the situation. The idea of visionary leadership is popular today. Controlling. When managers compare desired results with actual results and take the necessary corrective action, they are keeping things on track through the control function. Deviations from past plans should be considered when formulating new olans.
Варіант 1
Crammar
1)I live in Scotland. If I ___ (to live) in France, I ___ (to learn) French. 2)If I ____ (to be) you, I ___ (not to go) to the party. I really do not think it’s a good idea. 3)I ___ (to buy) a new computer if I ___ (to have) enough money. Unfortunately I have only 50 dollars. 4)I am saving up at the moment. If I ___ (to have) enough money at the end of the year, I ___ (to buy) a CD player. 5)The weather has been very good recently. If it ___ (to be) good at the weekend, we ___ (to go) to the mountains.
1)They did not have much time yesterday. If they ___ (to have) much time they ___ (not to miss) the train. 2) He did not come in time yesterday because he had problems with the car. If he ___ (to check) the oil he ___ (to have) problems. 3) Why did not you tell me the truth? If you ___ (to tell) me I ___ (to help) you. 4) I did not see him yesterday. If I ___ (to meet) him I ___ (to give) your message. 5) He was not at the party yesterday. He ___ (to come) if you ___ (to invite) him.
1)Якби вони прийшли раніше, вони змогли б зайняти кращі місця. 2) Ви б краще знали англійську, якби читали більше англійських книжок. 3) Ми б не запізнились, якби взяли таксі. 4) Ти б почував себе краще, якби лягав спати раніше. 5) Якби ми отримали телеграму, ми б зустріли вас. 6) Якби вона знала іноземну мову, вона змогла б змінити роботу. 7) Якби я вчора був вільний, я б допоміг тобі.
1)All the telephone lines in the world go dead. 2) There is no Internet. 3) All the computers in the world break down.
Vocabulary
Приклад: Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. AMNEGTEMNA
Force, managers, ends, sales, resources, budget.
Managers use all the _______ of the organization – its finances, equipment and information as well as its people- in attaining their goals. While people are any organization’s most important resources, _____ would be limiting themselves if they did not also rely on the other organizational resources available to them. For example, a manager who wishes to increase _______ might try not only to motivate the sales ______ but also to increase the advertising ______. Management involves achieving the organization’s ‘stated goals’. This means that managers of any organization try to attain specific _____. Whatever the stated goals of a particular organization, management is the process by which the goals are achieved.
Writing
“The teacher has not taught, until the student has learned”. “Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere”. Socrates
Speaking
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Варіант 2 Grammar
1)If/I/to see him/we/to go/to the new Italian restaurant 2) If/they/to have/enough money/they/to buy/a new car 3) If/I/to watch/a horror film/on my own/at night/I/can’t/ to fall asleep 4) If/we/to go out/for a meal/we/to have/pasta or pizza 5) If/I/to have/a coffee/before/I/to go/to bed/I/can’t/to fall asleep/after 6) They/to go/to China/if/they/to have holidays
1)Why did not you tell us earlier? We ___ (not to be) so upset if you ___ (to tell) us. 2) Chinese is very difficult. If I ___ (to know) it earlier I ___ never (to start) to learn it. 3) Unfortunately they manager to reach the island. If they ___ (not to reach) it the sailors ___ (to die). 4) She had only a few English lessons. If she ___ (to have) more lessons she ___ (to improve) her pronunciation. 5) He did not ask our advice. If he ___ (to ask) we ___ (to help) him.
1)Everybody speaks the same language. 2) You do not have to go to school or University. 3) Someone invents a time machine.
Vocabulary
Приклад: Managers work in an organization.RSEGNAMA 1) Manager’s ______ are uaually based on some logic rather than on some method. NSOITAC 2) Managers use all the _______ of the organization. CESURORES 3) Managers do not simply give ______. ERSORD 4) A successful manager is not necessary an _______ manager. EVTIECFFE
Former, units, manager, latter, goals, between.
We should pay attention to the difference _____ a successful and an effective _____. A successful manager is not necessary an effective manager. The ______ is a manager, who has been promoted relatively quickly, while the _____has satisfied, committed subordinates and high performing ____. In general, we could say that an effective manager is one who attains the organizational _______.
Writing
“Beginning is half done”. “You are never too old to learn”. Eleanor Roosevelt Speaking
Дати презентацію своєї спеціальності.
Четвертий курс. Літня сесія. Вступ до контрольної роботи № 8.
І. Граматичні теми: Gerund. ІІ. Теми для співбесіди: Organization. Types of Organizations. Презентація відомої компанії.
Герундій (Gerund) – це неособова форма дієслова із закінченням –ing- , що має властивості дієслова й іменника. Герундій називає дію. Наприклад: reading (читання), listening (слухання). Герундій може бути підметом, частиною складеного присудка, додатком. Reading (підмет) is useful. (Читання – корисне). Seeing is believing (частина присудка). (Бачити – значить вірити). I like playing (додаток) chess very much. (Я дуже люблю грати в шахмати). В українській мові немає форми, яка б відповідала герундію. Слова «читання», «слухання» - іменники, що утворилися від дієслів. В англійській мові є дієслова, після яких вживається тільки герундій: to finish, to like, dislike, to go on, to enjoy, to mind, to stop, та інші.
Перекладіть тексти українською мовою і готуйтесь переказувати їх англійською.
What Is an Organization?
An organization is defined as a cooperative social system involving the coordinated efforts of two or more people pursuing a shared purpose. In other words, when people gather and formally agree to combine their efforts for a common purpose, an organization is the result. There are exceptions, of course, as when two individuals team up to push a car out of a ditch. This task is a one-time effort based on temporary expediency. But if the same two people decide to pool their resources to create a towing service, an organization would be created. Common Characteristics of Organizations According to Edgar Schein, a prominent organizational psychologist, all organizations share four characteristics: 1) coordination of effort, 2) common goal or purpose, 3) division pf labour, and 4) hierarchy of authority. Coordination of Effort. Individuals who join together and coordinate their mental and /or physical efforts can accomplish great and exciting things. Building the great pyramids, conquering polio, sending manned flights to the moon – all these achievements far exceeded the talents and abilities of any single individual. Coordination of effort multiplies individual contributions. Common Goal or Purpose. Coordination of effort cannot take place unless those who have joined together agree to strive for something of mutual interest. A common goal or purpose gives the organization focus and its members a rallying point. Division of Labor. By systematically dividing complex taska into specialized jobs, an organization can use its human resources efficiently. Division of labor permits each organization member to become more profocoent by repeatedly doing the same specialized task. Hierarchy of Authority. According to traditional organization theory, if anything is to be accomplished through formal collective effort, someone should be given the authority to see that the intended goals are carried out effectively and efficiently. Organization theorists have defined authority as the right to direct tha actions of others. Without a clear hierarchy of authority, coordination of effort is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve.
Classifying Organizations
Because organizations are created to pursue particular purposes, they can be classified accordingly. The classification by organizational purpose has four categories: business, nonprofit service, mutual-benefit and commonweal organizations. Some pf today’s large and complex organizations overlap categories. For example, religious organizations are both nonprofit service organizations and mutual-benefit organizations. Nevertheless, classifying organizations by their purpose helps clarify the variety of roles they play in society and the similar problems shared by organizations with similar purposes. Business Organizations. Business organizations such as General Mills, South-west Airlines and the Washington Post all have one underlying purpose: to make a profit in a socially acceptable manner. Businesses can not survive, let alone grow, without earning a profit, and profits are earned by efficiently satisfying demand for products and services. This economic production function is so important to society that many think immediately of business when the word management is mentioned. Nonprofit Service Organizations. Unlike businesses, many organizations survive and even grow, without making any profits at all. They need to be solvent, of course, but they measure their success not in dollars and cents but by how well they provide a specific service for some segment of society. Because the services of nonprofit organizations are usually in great demand, one of their biggest problems lies in screening large numbers of applicants to determine who qualifies for service. Another problem for most nonprofit service organizations is securing a reliable stream of funds through fees, donations, grants, or appropriations. Given today’s limited resources, both provate-sector and public-sector nonprofit service organizations are under pressure to operate more efficiently. Mutual-Benefit Organizations. Mutual-benefit organizations, like all other types of organizations, need to be effectively and efficiently managed if they are to survive. In this instance, survival depends on satisfying member’s needs. Commonweal Organizations. Like nonprofit service organizations, commonweal organizations offer public services without attempting to earn a profit. Nut unlike nonprofit service organizations, which serve some segment of society, a commonweal organization offers standardized service to all members of a given population.
Варіант 1
Grammar
Приклад: Vera: You stepped on my toe! Luis: No, I didn’t! Summary: Luis denied stepping on Vera’s toe.
Consider, regret, admit, suggest.
1) Goal 1) the people who work for an organization 2) Business 2) the activity of controlling and organizing the work that a company or organization does 3) Service 3) something that you hope to achieve in the future 4) Staff 4) the official system for providing something, especially something that everyone in a country needs to have 5) Management 5) an organization asuch as a company, shop or factory that produces or sells goods or provides a service
Businesses, demand, profits, purposes, services 1) Many organizations survive and even grow, without making any _____ at all. 2) Organizations are created to pursue particular _______. 3) _________ can not survive, let alone grow, without earning a profit. 4) Profits are earned by efficiently satisfying ______ for products and services. 5) Commonweal organizations offer public ______ without attempting to earn a profit.
Writing
“Necessity is the mother of invention”.
Speaking
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