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ГРАМАТИЧНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ 02.01.2015 04:28
МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ КРЕМЕНЧУЦЬКИЙ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ІМЕНІ МИХАЙЛА ОСТРОГРАДСЬКОГО
МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ ЩОДО ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ З НАВЧАЛЬНОЇ ДИСЦИПЛІНИ «ГРАМАТИЧНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ» ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ІV КУРСУ ДЕННОЇ ФОРМИ НАВЧАННЯ ЗА НАПРЯМОМ 6.020303 – «ФІЛОЛОГІЯ»
КРЕМЕНЧУК 2010Методичні вказівки щодо практичних занять з навчальної дисципліни «Граматичні проблеми перекладу» для студентів ІV курсу денної форми навчання за напрямом 6.020303– «Філологія»
Укладач викл. Ю.М. ШульженкоРецензент старш. викл. Ж.Г. Мацак Кафедра перекладу
Затверджено методичною радою КДУ імені Михайла Остроградського
Протокол № ___ від _____ 2010 _р.
Заступник голови методичної ради __________ доц. С.А. Сергієнко
Методичні вказівки щодо практичних занять з навчальної дисципліни «Граматичні проблеми перекладу» для студентів ІV курсу денної форми навчання за напрямом 6.020303 – «Філологія»
Укладач викл. Ю.М. Шульженко
Відповідальний за випуск зав. кафедри перекладу доц. І.І. Пірог
Підп. до др._________. Формат 60х84 1/16. Папір тип. Друк ризографія. Ум. друк. арк._________. Наклад____прим. Зам. № __________. Безкоштовно.
Видавничий відділ КДУ імені Михайла Остроградського 39600, м. Кременчук, вул. Першотравнева, 20 ЗМІСТ Вступ.............................................................................................................................4 1 Теми та погодинний розклад практичних занять..................................................5 2 Перелік тем практичних занять...............................................................................6 Тема 1 Артикль....................................................................................................6 Тема 2 Граматичні омоніми................................................................................8 Тема 3 Службові слова......................................................................................10 Тема 4 Умовний спосіб.....................................................................................12 Тема 5 Модальні дієслова.................................................................................15 Тема 6 Функції та способи перекладу слів .....................................................17 Тема 7 Переклад інфінітиву та інфінітивних конструкцій............................20 Тема 8 Переклад герундія.................................................................................23 Тема 9 Переклад дієприкметника та дієприкметникових конструкцій........25 Тема 10 Переклад пасивного стану дієслова...................................................28 Тема 11 Переклад складнопідрядного ресення...............................................30 Тема 12 Переклад еліптичних конструкцій.....................................................33 Тема 13 Препозитивні атрибутивні словосполучення...................................34 Тема 14 Переклад емфатичних конструкцій...................................................36 3 Питання до іспиту...................................................................................................39 Список літератури.....................................................................................................41
ВСТУП Методичні вказівки для аудиторної та самостійної роботи з дисципліни «Граматичні проблеми перекладу» призначені для студентів IV-го курсу, які навчаються за спеціальністю 6.030500 «Переклад». Дані методичні вказівки мають на меті ознайомити студентів з деякими характерними системними особливостями англійської мови та типовими випадками розбіжності з українською мовою, а також може надати практичну допомогу майбутнім перекладачам у роботі зі складними, специфічними граматичними конструкціями. Методичні вказівки створено відповідно до робочої програми з дисципліни з урахуванням особливостей перекладацької діяльності. Мета цих вказівок—розвиток умінь і навичок на основі вивчення граматичних конструкцій,характерних для англійської мови. Методичні вказівки містять 14 тем, що розглядаються під час практичних занять та самостійної роботи студентів, і є одиницями навчальної системи. Опрацювання перелічених тем передбачає також виконання вправ, що включені до збірника. Питання, що виносяться на самостійне опрацювання, позначені зірочкою (*). Самостійна робота передбачає опрацювання цих питань, а також виконання відповідних вправ. Система забезпечення самостійної роботи студентів з вивчення навчальної дисципліни «Граматичні проблеми перекладу» включає наукову літературу, зазначену в списку даних методичних вказівок, а також будь-яку іншу, що стосується перекладознавства, теорії та практики перекладу. Крім того, студенти повинні самостійно підібрати англомовні тексти різних функціональних стилів для опрацювання, користуючись фондами бібліотеки КДУ та інших бібліотек, даними інтернет-мережі. При підборі навчального матеріалу був дотриманий дидактичний принцип поступового зростання граматичних труднощів. Підбір практичних завдань здійснено з урахуванням знань, набутих студентами на попередніх курсах.
1 ТЕМИ ТА ПОГОДИННИЙ РОЗКЛАД ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАВНЯТЬ
2 ПЕРЕЛІК ТЕМ І ПИТАНЬ ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ Тема1Артикль Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу артикля. Короткі теоретичні відомості Означений артикль. Неозначений артикль. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською мовою:
ІІ. Перекладіть українською:
Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 15-24].
Тема 2 Граматичні омоніми it, one, that Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу граматичних омонімів it, one, that. Короткі теоретичні відомості Пеpеклад it. Переклад one. Переклад that. Формальний підмет (it, there). Безособове it та способи його перекладу. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською мовою: 1. We live in the same universe that we are trying to understand, and our perceptions can influence the events in wich we participate. 2. The idea that it is easier and safer for primitive navigators to hug the continental than to cross an open ocean is a very common – and mistaken – illusion. 3. A building to meet in wasn't enough, they wanted to own one. 4. Their songs are called “pel kavi”, which means “songs of the hunts” – lifting, homey melodies that reflect loneliness and wonder. 5. It is little wonder, that the Nile, like the sun, was a deity to the ancient Egyptians. 6. The one thing that is clear is that everyone harvesting fish has an answer and knows, beyond a shadow of a doubt, that their answer is the only one that’s correct. 7. Later, it was felt that less land would be required; so the portion south-west of the river (which now forms the boundary between Virginia and Washington, D.C.) was returned to Virginia, reducing the city from 100 square miles to its present area of 69 square miles (179 km2). 8. From any point on the Mall, one can glimpse the symbols of the nation – the Capitol, the White House, and the presidential monuments. 9. Foreign-owned firms are offered the same incentives by the Government as British-owned ones. 10. California, as we know, is a land prone to earthquakes, in which the ground splits asunder beneath one’s feet and one is likely to lose one’s bearings. ІІ. Перекладіть українською мовою: 1. Even getting married in one’s late teens is not usually encouraged because married life is likely to interfere with a young woman’s education and will consequently restrict opportunities in later life. 2. Criminals are becoming bolder and more brazen – everywhere. That doesn’t mean you have to become paranoid – just prepared. 3. The most famous building in Australia is the Sydney Opera House. It took sixteen years to build it. 4. My grandmother was an excellent performer of Ukrainian folk songs and a narrator of tales. Yet she was the one who hoped that I would not be admitted to drama school. 5. The number of libraries in the former USSR was 330, 000 and so it was very seldom that one could complain about not being able to get the book one wants. 6. If you split up with someone who you like a lot, it might take you not a while to get over it. 7. Since it started, the program has continued to be one of the most popular TV shows. 8. To join the fitness club one needs a certificate from a doctor. 9. Such a museum seems to be a good one since people doming there will have an excellent opportunity to appreciate the work of a classic. 10. One cannot but feel admiration parachute-jumpers floating in the blue sky, coming together to form stars, rings and honeycombs. Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 24-33;1, c. 18-20]
Тема 3 Службові слова Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу службових слів. Короткі теоретичні відомості Переклад since. Переклад while. Переклад fоr. Переклад as. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською мовою : 1. One nickel and copper smeltery in Ontario can produce as much as the whole og Greece put together. 2. Since the ultimate truth is beyond the reach of humankind, the totalitarian ideologies have to resort to oppression in order to impose their vision on society. 3. We could formulate statements corresponding to the facts, and the facts would serve as reliable criteria for deciding whether the statements were true. 4. As I have shown, the condition that supply and demand are independently given cannot be reconciled with reality, at least as far as the financial markets are concerned and financial markets play a crucial role in the allocation of resources. 5. These tropical currents do not move alone; they pull with them any floating thing, while above the sea the eternal forceful trade winds blow at full strength in the same general direction, from east to west, the year around. 6. Such canopy plants, called epiphytes, form communities so dense in places that their mass equals a ton of plant material for every two acres of trees. 7. Unemployment among college graduates is nearly 30 percent, and they are prime recruits for virulent political movements. 8. For millennia, this great waterway was a corridor for movement of wildlife and aboriginal people, a habitat for fish, birds and mammals. 9. He reports that since its construction, there has been no need to dredge either the cells or the lagoon. 10. Britain is pledged to maintain effective defence while seeking to reduce tension in the world. It and the other NATO member states have been working with the new democracies of Europe. ІІ. Перекладіть українською: 1. Since both countries now have democratic government, the risk of war may have been reduced. 2. Anger is not the most destructive emotion in a marriage, since both happy and miserable couples fight. 3. In the frowsy back rooms of tea houses, old men and children crowd around gaming tables and pit the fiery critters against one another as onlookers shout out their bets. 4. As a sovereign nation, India has the same right as the United States to conduct its security policy, as it deems fit and without. 5. The United States has 10,000 nuclear weapons and continues to refine them with subcritical tests while destroying barely a few hundred older weapons per year. 6. He would come to see us once in a while. Not very often though. He must have thought it not worth his while to come more often. 7. Since September my younger brother has been attending lectures on the history of chemistry. Since the lecturer is a most talented man the boy has been dreaming and talking about nothing but chemistry ever since. 8. Some of his friends tried to teach him “better English” than their own normal and educated speech, while others would coach him in those racy and familiar repressions which sound so offensive while used by foreigners. 9. For the first few weeks of ones residence in a foreign country one feels as helpless as a young child and far more embarrassed, for the young child’s wants are generally anticipated and provided for. From the linguistic point of view too, it is a dangerous period, lor during these first weeks one lays the foundations of one’s future speech habits. 10. Science has been defined as organized common sense, so it is necessary for the future scientists to be drilled in the art of observing things patiently, faithfully and in every detail. A scientific habit of mind can be acquired by nothing but toil and patient thought. The work of science is to substitute facts for appearances and demonstrations for impressions. Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 54-70]
Тема 4 Умовний спосіб Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу умовного способу. Короткі теоретичні відомості Сполучникова підрядність.Безсполучникова підрядність. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською мовою: 1. It is obvious to many people that diets don’t work – at least, not in the long- term! If they did, we would be getting thinner, but in fact we are getting fatter. 2. If you were constantly being told off for doing the wrong thing, you would perhaps form the thought “I can’t do anything right”, and you may constantly overreact if your adult partner is always criticising your behaviour. 3. If time travel existed, it would be a privilege to meet Alexander the Great, this powerful man, the creator of a huge empire and the cultural ambassador of his generation. If I could spend some time with him privately, I would tactfully ask him about his feelings ntiil try to get to know him as a person. 4. It’s a good thing he did. If he hadn’t, he never would have met and married my great-grandmother Mary Campbell. 5. Even if there were to be swift volcano’s lava flows, transfer for of refugees would result in a far greater number of victims that would result from any eruptive event. 6. If they joined the EU, they would automatically have observer status in Europe’s own defence club, the Western European Union. 7. This would provide additional runway capacity beyond Terminal 5’s passenger capacity. 8. Even if the government allowed them to use dollar, the situation would soon become unsustainable. 9. Britain’s argument that its nuclear weapons contribute to NATO’s strategic deterrent would be more credible if there were a credible strategic adversary on the European scene. 10. Australian science is impressive and has good reason to look up and ahead, but if all expatriate Australian scientists were still there with the resources they now enjoy elsewhere, what a story that would be. ІІ. Перекладіть українською: 1. On the way across the Park he, who knew more about it than most men, had been gloomy over the military future. Now he spoke as though his daughter had really been the problem of his mind. He spoke exactly as a Victorian parent might have spoken, as though all the future were predictable and secure except for his daughter’s marriage, and the well-being of his grandchildren. 2. He proposed to Mrs. Bradley that the three of them should go to London immediately, where the season was still in full swing and where new interests ml new friends would distract Isabel’s mind from her unfortunate entanglement. 3. I would have gone to her for shelter, but for her humble station, which made me fear that I might bring trouble on her. 4. She knew the travel was difficult, she had trouble breathing and she would have preferred staying at home. But he was obstinate and she had accepted because it would have taken too much energy to refuse. 5. The end of her concert brought a tremendous reception from the audience. She returned for one encore but had the audience got their way she would have sung all night. 6. The Bar had never really suited me, I had not once thought of going back. And yet, if I could have been content with it I should have had a smoother time. I shouldn’t be in the middle of this present crisis. 7. Instinctively he turned his back more to the light lest she might see the shame that burned upon his forehead. 8. Whatever may have been the true cause of the neglect, we have only one biography of Newton which ftnn in any case be deemed worthy of the subject. 9. Britain’s cost of living would rise steeply should the country enter the Common Market as it is at present constituted, the National Union of farmers warned yesterday. 10. It is the fate of man that his desires are never fulfilled, but it is also his glory, for in the effort to obtain their fulfilment he changes, be it ever so little, in ever so limited a degree, life itself. Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 70-79]
Тема 5 Модальні дієслова Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу модальних дієслів. Короткі теоретичні відомості Дієслово can (could). Дієслово may (might). Дієслово must. Дієслово should *Переклад модальних дієслів, уживаних у непрямих значеннях. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською: l. Air pollution can also increase the acidity of drinking water. This can result in high levels of lead, copper and aluminium in tap water, mostly coming from old pipes attacked by the acids. 2. Many of the items produced by industry arc discarded; energy consumption could be cut by more effective recycling. 3. International agreements must be implemented, and intersectoral mechanisms with acknowledged power to deal with ocean affairs established. 4. It will tell us whether we can change our attitude and behaviour to live in harmony with a natural world that supports us. 5. The growing ozone hole leads to increasing ultraviolet radiation, which in turn may be impacting phytoplankton, the basis of the marine food chain. 6. It shows that the agencies with a decision making role must exercise their own independent judgement, and cannot simply pass the buck or hide behind the lead agency. 7. Okinawans are among the longest-lived people on earth, and I wondered if their qualities of heart and human feelings, so evident among the islanders, might have something to do with their longevity. 8. Body language, it seems, could be the key to all sorts of unsolved mysteries. Experts believe that our “silent speech” – the way we move, small changes in appearance, posture and gestures – conveys far more meaning than the words in any conversation. Body language can make or break any encounter, especially if you are feeling uncomfortable. 9. If in your youth you read strories about the sea, the idea of sailing on a freighter might appeal to you. You might think that, in the prolonged intimacy of the confines of the ship, your fellow travellers will confide tones which will bring you fame and a fortune as a writer yourself. 10. Sometime in this millennium we will confront this dilemma: should we leave our planetary neighbours unaltered, or should we modify them and make them closer to the heart’s desire? Thus we might orbit giant solar mirrors to warm frozen Mars, or sunshades to cool torrid Venus. ІІ. Перекладіть українською: 1. That is the basic fact which must be grasped by the people of Britain. It must be underlined in the House of Commons debate. 2. His curious eyes rested long upon her face and on her hair; and, as he thought of what she must have in then, in that time of her first girlish beauty, a strange unfriendly pity for her entered his soul. 3. She did not quite know how to take a remark which might have no significance or an absurdly great one. Then by his face she saw that he meant it to have the absurdly great one. 4. He had a snug bit of garden that looked pleasant, after the dusty playground, which was such a desert in miniature, that I thought no one but a camel could havr felt at home on it. 5. He might find his job too much for one man, but nevertheless he liked it. He might be a simple soldier but he had a considerable talent for survival. 6. But no one visiting a public school can fail to be struck by the continuity of these isolated communities: they roll on with their Latin jokes, their flags and private languages, still perpetuating vestigial aspects of a Victorian world. 7. The hard fact must be faced that if we want a national opera and ballet company, subsidies are necessary, and on a bigger scale than at present. 8. He had gone out his way to be friendly; which, from him, who never troubled to be friendly, or couldn’t be, had been something no one could have expected. 9.I had never been to Wisconsin, but all my life I had heard about it. And I must have seen the pictures. Everyone must have. Why then was I unprepared for the beauty of this region? 10. But I could not help observing that he seemed to think he had hit upon a wonderful expedient for expressing himself in a neat, agreeable, and pointed manner without the inconvenience of inventing a conversation. Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 79-89].
Тема 6 Функції та способи перекладу слів todo, tobe, tohave Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу слів to do, to be, to have. Короткі теоретичні відомості Особливості перекладу дієслова to do. Особливості перекладу дієслова to have.Особливості перекладу дієслова to be. *Присудок як центр речення в англійській мові. Складний присудок. Подвійний присудок. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською: 1. He showed that totalitarian ideologies have a common element: they claim to be in possession vof the vultimate truth. 2. Wealth does accumulate in the hands of its owners, and if there is no mechanism for redistribution, the inequities can become intolerable. 3. The clash in values becomes magnified here and I tough decisions have to be made. 4. This program does intend to develop long term, regional plans through the participation of all sectors. 5. As I returned, I had to wonder if the military prosence, together with a frantic rush toward modernisation, has wrested something essential from the warm, easygoing people I remember – whether anything of the island I once knew and loved remained. 6. He is eventually accepted into the group, and iilowly becomes aware of their terrible secret, which is to change his own life forever. 7. In returning to the roots of Japanese theatre, a deep love of nature is to be found. 8. I’m not too familiar with British church weddings, although one big one that I did go to was an extremely formal occasion. 9. The Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme was to be composed of 58 nations, elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms, and to act as the UN's intergovernmental organ for environment. Among other functions, it was to promote international cooperation and provide genenil policy guidance for programmes within the UN system. 10. We need both effective national leadership and the will among ourselves to make this country work. ІІ. Перекладіть українською: 1. This week, I went to see the new Challenge of Materials gallery at the ScienceMuseum. I should declare an interest, in that I’m a trustee of the museum, but I do think it’s a marvellous place anyway. 2. Computerised techniques for information retri eval to reduce routine process will also have to be considered. 3. He was very jovial, very hearty and laughed n great deal, but you didn't have to be a great judge of character to know that his noisy friendliness was merely cover for a very astute man of business. 4. But this is Madonna’98, at the close of an exhausted millennium, when shock comes hard, when irony i.s so overdone it can only be used ironically, when everything has come full circle and the Spice Girls can look and sound the way Madonna did 15 years ago and still be hailed as fresh and fun. 5. The language in which Latin classics were written was several centuries older than the Latin spoken in acadic Europe at the time. Decrees that this sort of Latin was to take place instead of the form of the language spoken at the time were largely responsible for converting Latin into a dead language. 6. Rich human beings are behaving exactly as they did a century ago. It was not good enough to spend money to be comfortable; money had to be wasted and the more wasteful the spending, the greater the social status conferred on the spender. 7. And he knew that the day had come again, when he must go on with his round. The last bit of darkness was being pushed out of the room. He would have to move his inert body and go on. 8. English painting takes on in the course of time the complexity and waywardness which are rather to be termed “romantic”. 9. Parents usually ignore the urges that make children behave as they do. Besides, it’s entirely wrong to lay down the law in the middle of an angry argument. With children the damage done by such words is incalculable. They take these threats seriously and brood over them. 10. Big Sur is essentially forest, wildness, mountains, ocean. You can “do” Big Sur in a couple of hours if you drive like a bat out of hell. 11. America would do well to reorient its India policy by focusing on trade, commerce and development since both countries have secular democracies and freemarket economies. 12. Osawa, the author of several books on diet and antisocial behavior, describes Japan’s children as “spoiled, tired and weak”, and warns that, if they continue to live on the kind of diet they eat now, r\they may become senile before their parents do. Контрольні питання
Література: [1, c. 30-81; 4, c. 88-89]
Тема 7 Переклад інфінітиву та інфінітивних конструкці Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу інфінітиву та інфінітивних конструкцій. Короткі теоретичні відомості Переклад інфінітиву залежно від його функцій у реченні. Інфінітивні конструкції. а) суб’єктно-предикативний інфінітивний зворот; б) об’єктно-предикативний зворот; *Розщеплений інфінітив. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською: 1. The pollutant gases or acid rain can fall directly onto the freshwater, increasing its acidity, or they can cause damaging substances to be washed into the water from the surrounding land. 2. We are enjoying a truly global market economy in which goods, sevices, capital and even people move mound quite easily, but we fail to recognize the need to sustain the values and institutions of an open society. 3. If there is any lesson to be learned, it is that the collapse of a repressive regime does not automatically lead to the establishment of an open society. 4. The construction of the mine involved building a rail link to carry the extracted limestone and gravel from the mine’s processing facility to the loading platform of the railroad station. 5. It is both a textbook and a directory, showing not only what to teach but how to teach it effectively. 6. The book teaches women to reflect on problems, to lead discussions and to analyze legal documents to find their application in day-to-day life. 7. He is too shy to sing or too young to know the old songs; he borrows my tape recorder and earphones, and listens to a Verdi opera with a toothy smile. 8. We need to look further to make fundamental changes in how we choose to live. 9. To fulfill its mandate, the advisory committee will also be expected to seek input from a public interest, committee to be comprised of various stakeholder groups. 10. Britain’s overseas aid programme aims to promote sustainable economic and social progress, and the alleviation of poverty. ІІ. Перекладіть українською: 1. To be by her side again and entreat forgiveness was the only thing that had the force of a motive for him. 2. I ceased to be afraid of her as I had really been all day. 3. He refused to take money, because he couldn’t give any guarantee that the treatment would help. 4. I know you find it difficult to remember Chinese names. 5. Dinny wrote a letter to her brother and asked him to come over for her in the car. 6. “My love, – he observed, – perhaps you will allow me to remark that it is barely possible that I do feel my position at the present moment”. 7. He was always the first to enter the dining-room and the last to leave. 8. Andy had been too restless to spend month after month in the backwoods. 9. She stepped down as if to jump into the water. Occasionally, he was thrust to the surface for a gasp of air only to see that it was autumn once more or that still another year had passed. 10. “You are supposed to say something now”, – Laura said, and turned her smile on me. ІІІ. Перекладіть українською: 1. Ozone is known to cause illnesses in humans and damage to plants. 2. A world order is supposed to emerge from states’ pursuit of their self-interest. 3. The proposal seems to reverse earlier plans to phase out our aid, and it seems to collide with gloomy news. 4. It forces the farmer to push deeper into the jungle to find good soil and then to guard his fields against elephants, wild boars, and scavengers. 5. Here the human population is expected to reach 3 million by 2021, a 70 per cent increase in 30 years. 6. Phytoplankton and zooplankton are critical to the oceanic food supply, and the phytoplankton are thought to be the main climate control centre for the planet. 7. The regularity of the numbered and lettered streets makes it easier for visitors to find their way around the city. 8. Different plants are supposed to have different healing properties. 9. Acupuncture certainly seemed to reduce the need for pain-killers. 10. Out there, under those deep blue skies, and surrounded by people I came to know better in seven days I had known for seven years, I was forced to swallow my cynicism. ІV. Перекладіть українською: 1. At that moment Western governments were anxiously waiting for Saudi Arabia to provide new finances for the International Monetary Fund. 2. You must let me have time to consider your proposal. 3. He had learned to keep his thoughts to himself. To do so, he had been forced to divest himself of all personality. 4. Perhaps, she had mentioned the fact already to Rebecca; but this young lady did not appear to have remembered it. 5. At this moment a striking incident made the boys pause suddenly in their walk. 6. You know how I feel for you in all this, there’s no need for me to tell you. 7. “Oh, – cried my mother, – and it’s very well for you to talk about firmness” . 8. She was not about to acknowledge, even to herself, how worried she sensed her mother to be. 9. A great soul will bw strong to live, as well as strong to think. 10. Skilled reading is usually thought to be a matter of discerning what is there, but ... it is a matter of knowing how to produce what can thereafter be said to be there. Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 99-117].
Тема 8 Переклад герундія Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу герундія залежно від його функцій у реченні. Короткі теоретичні відомості Переклад герундія залежно від його функцій у реченні.Переклад складних форм герундія. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською: 1. By taking the conditions of supply and demand as given and declaring government intervention the ultimate evil, laissez-faire ideology has effectively banished income or wealth redistribution. 2. Advertising, marketing, even packaging, aim at taping people's preferences, rather than, as laissez- nlre theory holds, merely responding to them. 3. They decided to field test the translation by r mizing seminars on women's rights in Russia and Ukraine. 4. Housing is free, but many workers are still stuffed into British-era “line houses”, lond buildings rude as cattle stalls. 5. Many Scythian customs have been assimilated Into Ukrainian folklore, such as taboos forbidding the extinguishing of fires on St. John’s, Christmas, and New Year’s Eve. 6. Manufacturing still plays a significant role and many high-technology industries have been developed. 7. The British Prime Minister convened a special meeting of the Security Council in order to reaffirm the UN’s central role in strengthening international order and world peace. 8. The promotion of Britain’s wider security interests is achieved by military assistance and training, deployments and exercises, and support for peacekeeping and monitoring operations. 9. By successfully exploiting oil and natural gas from the North Sea, Britain has become self-sufficient in energy and expects to remain so for some years. 10. The Government has acted to improve work incentives by reducing corporate and personal income tax rates, and by uncreasing share ownership among employees. ІІ. Перекладіть українською: 1. The molecules of a polar substance because of their being reactive combine with one another. 2. So far only the quantum theory has succeeded in giving a satisfactory explanation. 3. These are the chief causes of crude rubber being used. 4. Einstein’s being awarded the Nobel prize in physics soon became widely known. 5. Adding more turns makes magnetic field stronger. 6. In order to calculate the motion of an electron, we must investigate the accompanying wave motion instead of using classical point mechanics. 7. Congratulating Campaign for Nuclear Disarmn ment for the massive demonstration against the “nuclear madness” the national organizer of the Transport and General Workers Union said, “We’re against the obscenity of money being spent on weapons while British industry is dying and 2.4 million are deprived of jobs.” 8. “There is no question therefore of the door being firmly closed against any increase of pay for firemen before July 1 next,” he declared. 9. All the evidence of past words and deeds is against Much agreement being possible. 10. Jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the nation being used to the full. Контрольні питання
предикативного члена складеного присудка?
Література: [4, c. 117-126].
Тема 9Переклад дієприкметника та дієприкметникових конструкцій Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу дієприкметника та дієприкметникових конструкцій. Короткі теоретичні відомості Переклад Participle 1 і Participle 2 залежно від їх основних синтаксичних функцій. Переклад дієприкметникових конструкцій. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською: 1. Helmut Newton’s world isn’t fantasy. It exists, locked behind the large double doors of expensive hotel suites, or shuttered behind the long windows of apartments on the Avenue Foch: a world of the rich and, yes, the perverted. 2. Profit-taking from the market and the taxes paid on those profits have pushed the federal budget toward its first surplus since 1969 and, similarly, left states in the strongest budget position since 1980. 3. Growing up in a declining North End neighborhood, she spent hours of her early childhood alone, coloring or playing with dolls. She was a girl who never broke a crayon. A chubby non-athlete. A self-described teachers’ pet with a funny last name. 4. Washington – on the morning of Dec. 3, 1996, linving watched the Dow surge 27 per cent that year, Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan held a private meeting that became his own genteel version of the debate show “Crossfire”. 5. Badminton became popular in Victorian times and in particular with ladies. The more sedate pace of the game made it easier to play in the long skirts worn by women, than the faster game of tennis. 6. Happily married people are healthier; even their immune systems work better than those of people who are unhappily married or divorced. 7. Opened in the teeth of the Depression as a mighty symbol of rebirth, the 102-floor EmpireStateBuilding got off to a wobbly start financially. Built by General Motors executive John Raskob, the building reigned for 42 years, as the world’s tallest. 8. Not just the boys go bad. Take the 15-year-old Tokyo girl who despite being ranked near the top of her class, tried to poison her schoolmates with fake bottles of diet drink. ІІ. Перекладіть українською: 1. It was evident that he would make a perfect companion, and his love, once won, was of the sort that did not alter. 2. Even allowing for a moral outlook that permitted what by law is forbidden to-day, the behaviour of the royal family and the influential classes was astonishing. 3. Where I live you can always hear the wedding party coming because they make so much noise, hooting their horns and shouting. 4. He witnessed such a wave while watching a boat being drawn along the Canal by a pair of horses. 5. With her income so much reduced and so many dividends not being paid, that proposition was indeed something to take into consideration. 6. The sellers shall not be responsible for any damages resulting due to any cause beyond the sellers' control. 7. With the experiments having been carried out, we started new investigations. 8. Later the daily storm crackles in from the west, its thunder scattering the crows that roost in the plumeria trees below my hotel window, its torrents sweeping the sidewalks clean. 9. Women pick the tea, dressed in shimmering saris, wrists jangling with gold and silver, as if on their way to some fantastic celebration. 10. They went into the parlor my mother had come from, the fire in the best room on the side of the passage not being lighted. 11. Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, in 1897, his father being a business manager of the university there. 12. YellowstoneNational Park is no more representative of America than is Disneyland. 13. This being my natural attitude, I don't know what made me turn sharply south and cross a state line to take a look at Yellowstone. 14. Almost daily, the Washington Post and other newspapers have their advertising revenues increased by all-page ads in which one corporation or another is telling Congress to quit dallying and pass the program. 15. The need for pressure from the Labour movement lo get such decisions taken is urgent. 16. Now, the ladies being together under these circumstances, it was extremely natural that the discourse should turn upon the prosperity of mankind to tyrannize over the weaker sex and the duty that devolved upon the weaker sex to resist that tyranny and assert their rights and dignity. 17. In diplomatic circles he was generally regarded us having an attractive personality and a considerable share of "personal charm". 18. These very important details were found missing from a later description of the manuscripts. 19.If I saw him at the opera, say, he being with a person of high rank, he was apt not to catch sight of me. 20. Although they could not say it, my old friends wanted me gone so that I could take my proper place in I he pattern of remembrance — and I wanted to go for the same reason.
Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 126-144]
Тема 10 Переклад пасивного стану дієслова Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу дієслів у пасивному стані. Короткі теоретичні відомості Способи перекладу дієслова-присудка в пасивному стані. Особливості перекладу підмета перед присудком у пасивному стані. Особливості перекладу пасивного стану дієслів що мають прийменниковий додаток. Переклад сполучень типу «take care of» у пасивному стані. *Поділ дієслів на перехідні неперехідні в англ. мові та способи їх перекладу. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською мовою: 1. After several meetings with US colleagues, the Eurasian group was inspired to take a look at the way the Eurasian environmental movement has changed over the last five years. 2. The literal translation of the book was completed very quickly, by a group of researchers at the St. Petersburg Centre for Gender Studies. 3. The children of wealthy Sri Lankans are educated at universities abroad; less well-off youth are taught in state universities, which practically condemns them to bottom-rung jobs that require no English. 4. For thousand of years gold dust has been extracted from the rivers draining the Caucasus area by placing sheepskins on the stream bottom to trap the particles. 5. My grandfather participated in archaeological digs at the turn of the century and was struck by the respect that had been accorded to female burials. 6. Yellow cardinals can still be seen in pairs or small flocks in a few southern localities, but the future of these songbirds in the wild remains threatened without protection. 7. Five colossal statues, more than 25 sphinxes, and nearly 2,000 architectural pieces are also being lifted from the seafloor. They may have been thrown into the harbour by the 14th-century Egyptian rulers. 8. Students are asked to perform simple tasks that will give them the opportunity to talk together about places and experiences. They may be asked to interpret maps and schedules or to complete a questionnaire. 9. Just over 2 per cent of the British workforce is engaged in agriculture, a lower proportion than in any other leading industrialized country. 10. Direct control on pay, prices, foreign exchange, dividend payments and commercial credit have been abolished. 11. In alms-giving more injury is probably done by rewarding vice than by relieving virtue. 12. One of the reassuring aspects of the modern world is that much thought is now being given to the possible effects of the future applications of science. 13. Although it is common knowledge that sometimes chance is a factor in the making of discovery, the magnitude of its importance is seldom realized and the significance of its role is not fully appreciated or understood. A good maxim for the research man is "look out for the unexpected." 14. At present, in consequence of the existence of private property, a great many people are enabled to develop a certain very limited amount of individualism. 15. The curiosity of the scientist is usually directed toward seeking an understanding of things or relationships which he notices have no satisfactory explanation. 16. Nothing is so firmly believed as what we least know. 17. The problem is not, however, whether science should be taught, but what kind of science. It can hardly be expected that classists, modern linguists and historians should be required to perform experiments or to work out mathematical problems, — they are unlikely to have any inclination in this direction. 18. There seems to be at least two general courses of uction which might be adopted in order that the environmental doom may be averted. 19. Much of man's energy is consumed for keeping him in working order. 20. Urgent measures must be taken, if we are not to I nave a dangerous and despoiled planet to future generations. Контрольні питання
Література: [1, c. 47-58], [ 4, c. 144-156], [ 1, c. 19-20]
Тема 11 Переклад складнопідрядного речення Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу складнопідрядних речень Короткі теоретичні відомості Зразок аналізу складнопідрядного речення. Конкретні труднощі при перекладі складнопідрядних речень. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською: 1.Although I have made a fortune in the financial markets, I now fear that the untrammelled intensification of laissez-faire capitalism and the spread of market values into all areas of life is endangering our open and democratic society. 2. In peacetime Egyptians engaged their neighbours in trade, swapping surplus wheat and barley from their bountiful granary for commodities they lacked, including iron, copper, and spices; in war they fought to defend — and extend — the land and civilization I liey believed was governed and glorified by the gods. 3. The only way to rectify this is to require approval by those responsible for protecting the environment. 4. Nature has produced magnificent old growth forests through natural processes, so to think that modern forestry can do a better job seems arrogant. 5. For various reasons, including the configuration of rivers and streams, and the fact that the axes that form the quadrants meet at a point slightly southeast iif the geographical center, the two south quadrants have fewer streets than the two north quadrants of the city. 6. There is much more work to do to complete our protected areas network across the province but an essential step towards our goal has been made. 7. Our ability to believe what we want has made life easy. 8. In acupuncture, needles are inserted at an acupuncture point, then aligned with energy pathways called "meridians", which connect internal organs with points along the body's surface; the needles are rotated clockwise or anticlockwise, according to whether energy is to be stimulated or damped down. 9. Although in the 1960s flexible scopes were developed by technicians in order to check engine interiors without them having to be taken apart, today's endoscopes are not just simple tubes you can see through; they are equipped with minute television cameras. 10. Technological advance in the first half of the 20th century raised fundamental questions about whether the globe could continue to support its rapidly growing population — and about whether the technology itself was appropriate. 11. What we want to see is a solution reached through discussion and negotiation. 12. Strict secrecy was being observed among Ministers about their real attitude. What has been made clear beyond any shadow of doubt is their intention to avoid anything which will lead to the slightest conflict with South Africa. 13. What the company is really asking is that production workers correct their own work — that is be unpaid inspectors and check their own quality. The aim is to eliminate the jobs of many inspectors. 14. What these industrialists want is cheap and docile labour, social stability and a good return on their investment. 15. "What is increasingly evident", the Communist statement points out, "is that unless the Canadian people intervene in a massive way in the debate, the "wheelers and dealers" will win out, and what Canada will get is a constitution which perpetuates the status 11uo, divides the country, and further undermines ( Canada's independence". 16. Despite the breathtaking natural beauty of the crystalline Great Lakes during the winter, man is reluctant to venture into this snowy wonderland. 17. Adaptation is the process by which living things adjust to changes in their environment — ways of finding food, protecting themselves from their enemies, and reproducing. 18. Scientists have discovered that the faster a living thing grows and moves during its life, the shorter its life will be. 19. Since the professor had planned to present a complex demonstration, he decided to cancel the class until everybody was present. 20. When the early settlers, especially the English, arrived in the New World, the hardships and dangers awaiting them were totally unexpected. Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 156-168]
Тема 12 Переклад еліптичних конструкцій. Мета : проаналізувати особливості перекладу еліптичних конструкцій Завдання до теми Короткі теоретичні відомості Еліптичні конструкції, що мають експресивно-підсилювальне значення. Підрядні допустові речення зі сполучниками whatever, however, в якихнемає присудка (іноді підмета). Еліптична конструкція if+ Participle 2 (або прикметник). І. Перекладіть українською: 1. Whatever your opinion about that, there's no denying the benefits arising from a genetic bond that has linked cats and humans for millions of years. 2. Whatever the risk of eruption, there should be no evacuation of such a huge number of people as are living in this camp. 3. Whatever the present situation, the whole volcanic pile is being pushed upwards by a rise of this volcano's magma. 4. Whatever the risk of any one of these possible hazards, the number of victims of volcanic activity would be smaller than the number that would be claimed by a large-scale displacement of one million refugees. 5. However enormous steps science has made in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. 6. Whenever thyroxin is needed by the body, the I thyroid gland excretes it directly into the bloodstream. 7. Many new medicines today eradicate diseases, however widespread they could be. 8. Before the earthquake hit the area, some minor tremors, if any, were felt. 9. A lunch of soup and sandwiches, if any, does not appeal to all students. 10. However costly the project may be, it should be i reevaluated. 11. However high the fees were, we decided to pay for the furniture on the installment plan. 12. If anything, Scott seized the opportunity to present his proposal to the director. 13. While they were away on vacation, they allowed their mail, if any, to accumulate at the post office. 14. That area of the country is laced with large rivers, if dangerous. Контрольні питання 1. Перерахуйте особливості перекладу еліптичних конструкцій. Література: [4, c. 168-173]. Тема 13 Препозитивні атрибутивні словосполучення. Мета: встановити особливості перекладу препозитивних атрибутивних словосполученнь. Короткі теоретичні відомості Двочленні словосполучення. Багаточленні словосполучення. *Специфічні моменти перекладу ступенів порівняння прикметників. Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською: 1. The mine project also required a system of chutes for loading train wagons, a huge water storage area, a water conduits system, various support buildings and more. 2. Colombo, Sri Lanka's capital, is a boisterous and cheerful city where cool ocean breezes collide with a hot breath of exhaust fumes, woodsmoke, spices, and coconut-oil pomade. 3. Its center honks with three-wheel taxicabs and chatters with sidewalk vendors offering paper cones of juicy mango chips and coconuts with sweet water inside. 4. It is important that these plans must be intergrated with existing land use plans. 5. Brush and deciduous trees play a key role as both a food source for wildlife and a natural source of nitrogen. 6. Land and Resourse Management Plan tables are expected to make King Solomon-like decisions by designating each landscape area as high, intermediate or low emphasis for biodiversity. 7. Other concerns that await possible assessment include approval of a road before detailed studies were completed about its effect on wildlife habitat and a forest development plan that does not conform to the terms of and conditions for a low-intensity area as defined by a regional land use plan. 8. Britain will contribute important elements to NATO's new naval and air reaction forces. 9. The growth of car use has partly been encouraged by the falling price of fuel and partly by the government's motorway building programme. 10. The next step was to produce an environment programme for the whole UN system. This programme, linked to the UN's medium-term plans, eventually became known as SWMTEP (the system-wide medium- term environment programme). 11. Although other manufacturing companies are not faring as poorly outside the United States as the automakers, they are not thrilled about their earning prospects. With their rise banned by the Government, the men have refused to cooperate with their employers in productivity measures to which the rise was linked. 12. The machine is an electronic computer which does the job in a fraction of the time taken by dozens of the speediest wage clerks. 13. His April Budget increases formed a very large part of the retail price index increase during that month. 14. It was decided, with only five against, that if an inspection committee again looked into the trouble there would be a resumption of work in the morning. 15. The World Peace Council has always sought to keep the door open between the opposing sides in our divided world because place in this nuclear age demands coexistence as the condition of survival. 16. The present dispute at Doncaster follows a protest walkout of 260 on the night shift against the action of four men in breaking an overtime ban in operation at the plant. 17. He introduced a Bill to implement the Government's plan to give preferential taxation treatment to life insurance companies. 18. A week of county council election opened in England and Wales yesterday. 19. Coupled with the spending and tax proposals were changes in the federal regulatory process and monetary policy. Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 191-193]. Тема 14 Переклад емфатичних конструкцій Мета: опрацювати особливості перекладу емфатичних конструкцій. Короткі теоретичні відомості Посилювальне do. *Зворотний порядок слів та речень.Емфатичні допустові речення. *Подвійне заперечення.Емфатичне сполучення it is.. that (which,who). Завдання до теми І. Перекладіть українською мовою: 1. Only recently has the explosive growth in human numbers, technological power and consumption given our species the power to alter the biophysical makeup of the Earth. 2. It was in front of the Lincoln Memorial that Martin Luther King made his famous "I have a Dream" speech in which he told about the dream he had for his four children and all children. 3. It was the scene of fierce fighting and death when General W.T. Sherman led Union armies into the city, setting it afire. 4. It does finally offer options for biodiversity protection that have been sorely missing in the past. 5. Should it ever become necessary to close one of the cells to clean it, the sewage treatment system will still go on functioning safely using the other cells as alternates. 6. Never before has there been such a large area of land protected over such a short time frame. 7. Whatever their cause the symptoms are the following. 8. Satisfactory as this theory may be in many respects it is far from being probable. 9. Thus it is known that birds do not keep direction by orientating themselves in the earth's magnetic field, neither apparently, does memorizing the route play an essential part. 10. It is from experiments on solubility of gases in liquids that Dalton appears first to have derived direct evidence in favour of this view. 11. The value of this mass would not be affected by any systematic error common to all the observations, not even by such an error which varied uniformly with the time. Nor would small errors in the adopted elements of the sun have any effect upon result. 12. It seems not at all unlikely that many of the lower animal forms also have the power to make a similar distinction. 13. The ancients had no knowledge of stellar distan ces, neither was there then any means by which they could determine them. 14. Also included in the list are several coastal marine protected areas. 15. The quick river plays against the tangle of trees ind creates riffles and eddies, and so do the pilings from old dams, bridges and stream deflectors the river has mostly reclaimed. 16. Nor was it hard to imagine the young man in Paris who had not yet begun to trade on his talent, writing nbout what he knew and loved best, trout fishing in wild country. 17. "Not only does this method reduce the trauma to the patient — it also means that we no longer have to make major incisions to perform major operations", ;ays a leading surgeon 18. Not until after the humanistic movement revived the study of Greek in Western Europe did Greek words begin to enter the English vocabulary in great quantity. 19. In short, it is practically impossible l.o design a machine so specialized that it will have value i nily with respect to the field of application originally intended. Nor is there any computer which is superior to any other computer with respect to every problem. 20. Incomplete though these figures are, they give more information in several respects than has before been available. Контрольні питання
Література: [4, c. 200-203]. 3 ПИТАННЯ ДО ІСПИТУ 1. Переклад означеного, неозначеного та нульового артикля. 2. Переклад граматичних омонімів (it, one, that, та ін.). 3. Переклад службових слів. 4. Вживання та переклад умовного способу. 5. Передача модальності при перекладі: а) еквівалентних модальних дієслів; б) багатофункціональні дієслова; в) варіанти переклад модальних дієслів у сполученні з Infinitive Passive і Perfect Infinitive. 6. Передача конструкцій з формальним підметом. 7. Безособові речення та способи їх перекладу. 8. Переклад конструкцій з дієсловом to have. 9. Переклад конструкцій з дієсловом to ве. 10. Переклад інфінітиву та інфінітивних конструкцій: а) переклад звороту «складений додаток» (Complex Object); б) переклад звороту «складений підмет» (Complex Subject); в) переклад самостійного інфінітивного звороту (Absolute Infinitive Construction); г) інфінітивний зворот з прийменником «for». 11. Дієприкметник та його звороти: а) труднощі перекладу дієприкметника 1,2; б) вживання та переклад об’єктного дієприкметникового звороту (The Objective Participial Complex); в) суб’єктний дієприкметниковий зворот (The Subjective Participial Complex); г) самостійний дієприкметниковий зворот (The Absolute Participial Complex); 12. Герундій: труднощі перекладу. Герундіальні звороти ( The Gerundial Construction) та їх переклад. 13. Переклад конструкцій пасивного стану. 14. Перехідні та неперехідні дієслова, особливості їх перекладу. Найбільш уживані дієслова, з якими можливі пасивні звороти. 15. Емфатичні конструкції та їх переклад. 16. Еліптичні конструкції та їх переклад. 17. Загальна перебудова структури речення при перекладі з англійської мови на українську. 18. Переклад складнопідрядних речень. 19. Переклад препозитивних атрибутивних словосполученнь. 20. Специфічні моменти перекладу ступенів порівняння прикметників.
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