PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE IN EXTRAODINARY SITUATIONS

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE IN EXTRAODINARY SITUATIONS 28.07.2015 10:15

 

 

 

 

CONTENTS MODULE 1. “PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE IN EXTRAODINARY SITUATIONS”

Themes №1

Work of psychologist in the center of extraordinary (extreme situation)

Theme’s annotation

The increase of amount extreme situations (technological and natural catastrophes, intercultural conflicts, terrorist’s acts) in different regions of world in the last few years dictates the necessity of training specialists able to give urgent psychological help to the victims of similar situations. In spite of all importance of such a problems to grant urgent psychological help to the population in extreme situations, these tasks all yet remain new enough for a psychologist.

Within the limits of theory of posttraumatic stress disorder and created in the end 80- years crisis psychology a concept was formed „psychical trauma”(psycho trauma). Event, which is perceived by a man as the threat for its existence, which violates its normal vital functions, becomes an event traumatic for him, that by shock which is experienced on the special (Черепанова, 1996; Владиславова, 2001; Пергаменщик та ін.,1999).

Lecture № 1, questions:

1. Extraordinary (extreme) situations classifications.
2.  General approaches to estimation of extraordinary situations of natural and technological origin.

 

Themes №2

Urgent psychological help in extraordinary (extreme) situations

Theme’s annotation

The urgent psychological help gives to the people in the acute stressing state (whether AST is acute stressing disorder). This state is experiencing of emotional and mental disorganization.

Psychodiagnostics, psychotechnics of influencing and procedure of grant psychological help in extreme situations has the specific (Сухов, Деркач, 1998). In particular, psychodiagnostics in extreme situations has the differences. At these terms through the shortage of time it is impossible to use standard diagnostic procedures. Action, including practical psychologist, is determined by a plan in case of extraordinary circumstances.

Useless in many extreme situations and ordinary methods of the psychological influencing. All depends on the aims of the psychological influencing in extreme situations: it is necessary to support in one case, help; in other – it is necessary to nip, for example, scuttle-butts, and panic; in the third – to conduct negotiations.

Lecture’s №2, questions:

1.Features psychologist professional activity of urgent psychological help in the acute stressing state (ASS). Psychodiagnostics. Psychotechnics.

2. Main principles of grant people help which passed a psychological trauma as a result of extreme situation influencing.

 

Themes №3

Conducting of psychotherapy and psychosomatic promotion in the center of extraordinary (extreme) situation

Theme’s annotation

The purpose and task of urgent psychological help include acute panic reactions prevention, psychogenic violations; individual increase adaptation possibilities; psychotherapy of arising boundary psychological violations.

An urgent psychical help to the population must based on principle of intervention in the superficial layers of consciousness, that to work with symptoms, instead of with syndromes (Психотерапия в очаге чрезвычайной ситуации, 1998)

Conducting of psychotherapy and psychological prevention is carried out in two directions. First – with healthy part of population – as prevention:

а). acute panic reactions;

b). deferred, „moved” aside psychological violations.

Second direction - is psychotherapy and persons psychological prevention with developed psychological violations.

Lecture’s №3, questions:

1. Psychotherapy with healthy part population as psychological prevention
2. Psychotherapy and psychological prevention with developing psychological violations.

 

Themes №4

Recommendations for rescuers, psychologists of working in the center of extraordinary (extreme) situation.

Theme’s annotation

As a result of conducting considerable research program the German psychologists (Б.Гаш та Ф.Ласога, 1977) was developed the line of recommendations for a psychologist, other specialist or volunteer working in an extreme situation. These recommendations useful both to psychologists during direct work in the places of mass misfortunes and for training of rescuers and employees of the special services (Ромек, та ін., 2004).

Lecture’s №4, questions:

1. Global analysis of offered recommendations for the specialists of different categories.

 

Themes №5

Factors classification that caused by an extreme situation

Theme’s annotation

It is necessary to remember at the grant of urgent psychological help, that the victims of elemental misfortunes and catastrophes suffer from the whole line of factors caused by an extreme situation (Everstine, Everstine, 1993).

Lecture’s №5, questions:

1. List of basic factors caused by an extreme situation.

Themes №6

Classification of dynamics in psychological disorders from data of foreign and national researchers

Theme’s annotation

An important place occupies a question about the psychogenic disorders dynamics which developed in dangerous situations. Many special research works are devoted to it. In accordance with published works of the National institute of psychological health (THE USA), the psychical reactions at catastrophes subdivide on four phases: heroism, „honeymoon”, disappointment and renewal. Other classification of successive phases or stages in the dynamics of people state after extreme situations is offered in Решетнікова, et all work (1989). Another classification (Александровський at all., 1991) selects three phases.

Lecture’s №6, questions:

1. Successive consideration of three directions in classification of psychogenic disorders.

Themes №7

Methods of urgent psychological help

Theme’s annotation

In an extreme situation there can be the following symptoms at a man:

delirium, hallucinations, apathy, stupor, motive excitations, aggression, fear, hysterics, nervous shaking, weeping (Крюкова та ін., 2001). The help of psychologist consists in this situation, above all things, in creation of terms for the nervous “discharging”.

Lecture’s №7, questions:

1. Symptoms classification of extreme situations which can show up.
2. Delirium and hallucinations.
3. Apathy.
4. Stupor.
5. Motive excitations.
6. Aggression.
7. Fear.
8. Hysterics.
9. Nervous shaking.
10.  Weeping.

 

Themes №8

Extreme situations (violence) are related to the threat for life

Theme’s annotation

To similar situations belong: capture by terrorists, robbery, robbery attack. For a short time there is the collision with the real threat of death (in everyday life a psyche creates defence, allowing to perceive death as something distant or even unreal). World appearance changes, reality appears by the filled fatal chance. A man begins to divide their life on two parts – to the event and after her. There is feeling, that surrounding people can not understand his sense and experiencing. It is necessary to remember, that if a man is not added to violence, she exactly got everything considerable psychical trauma.

Lecture’s №8, questions:

 

1.  Adult help.
2.  Child help.
3.  Sexual violence.

 

Themes  №9

Psychogeny in extreme situations

Theme’s annotation

Under the condition catastrophes and elemental misfortunes psychological violations show up in a wide range: from the state of disadaptation and neurotic and neurological reactions to the reactive psychoses. Their weight depends on many factors: age, sex, level of initial social adaptation; individual differences; additional aggravating factors in the moment of catastrophe (loneliness, anxiety about children, presence of sick relatives, own helplessness: pregnancy, illness, etc.).

The psychogeny influencing of extreme terms consists not only of direct threat for life of man, but from mediated, related to its expectation. Psychical reactions at the flood, hurricane and other situations are not some specific, characteristic only for a concrete extreme situation. It rather the universal reactions on a danger, and their frequency and depth is determined by a suddenness and intensity of extreme situation (Александровський, 1989; Александровський та  ін.,1991).

 

Lecture’s №9, questions:

1. Dependence of weight feelings experiencing from a victim group factors: unpathological psychoemotional (known as physiological) and pathological states psychogeny of (reactive states).

 

Themes №10

Psychogeny disorders to and after extreme situations

Theme’s annotation

Psychogeny disorders are most often marked under time and after extreme situations unite in four groups’ unpathological (physiological) reactions, pathological reactions, neurotic states and reactive psychoses. The study of observed at extreme situations of psychical disorders, and also analysis of complex rescue, social and medical measures enable to select three periods to development of situation, which different psychogeny disorders are in: first (acute) period, second period, which passes at development of rescue works, begins, on vivid expression, „normal life in extreme terms”, the third period, begins for victims after their evacuation in safe regions, in many people takes place difficult emotional and cognitive processing of situation, overvalue of the own experiencing and feelings, awareness of losses.

 Seminar №10, questions:

1. Features of existent classification of psychogeny disorders which are observed under time and after extreme situations.

2. Most typical adaptational reactions which are observed in extreme terms: brief depressed reaction (reaction of loss), protracted depressed reaction, and reaction with prevailing disorder of other emotions (reaction of trouble, fear, alarms and other).

 

Themes №11

Factors classification of psychical disorders influencing on development and indemnification at extraordinary situations

Theme’s annotation

Basic factors that influence on development and indemnification of psychical disorders for extraordinary situations can be classified as follows: directly during events (a catastrophe, elemental misfortune, et all), during conducting of rescue works after completion of hazardous event; on the remote stages of extraordinary situation.

 Seminar №11, questions:

1. Features of situation (intensity, duration, suddenness).
2. Individual reactions (somatic state, age, preparedness to the extraordinary situation, personality traits).
3. Social and organizational factors (being informed, organization of rescue works, „collective behavior”.
4. During conducting of rescue works after completion of hazardous event (features of situation; repeated psychogeny; individual reactions: personality traits, individual assessment and perception of situation, age, somatic state; social and organizational factors: being informed, organization of rescue works, „collective behavior”).
5. Social and organizational factors: social structure, indemnifications

 

Themes №12

Psychology of terrorism

Theme’s annotation

Terrorist act became inalienable part of modern life. Terror (from latin., terror is fear, horror) is directed on „frightening”, „intimidation”. Exactly this circumstance and determines terror as special form of political violence that is characterized by cruelty, purposefulness and imaginary efficiency. Terror is horror, that the emotional state, that the origin of which is wanted by terrorists, carrying out those or other special terrorists actions. Terrorist action is a mean, the use of which conduces the real or potential victims to the state of horror. The aggregate of links is a terrorist- terrorist act-terror makes terrorism as integral phenomenon (Ольшанський, 2002)

 Seminar №12, questions:

1. Psychological portraits of terrorist and his victims.
2. Behavior recommendations as a hostage.
3. Airplane capture by terrorists

 

Themes №13

Elemental mass conduct of people in extreme situations

Theme’s annotation

One of main dangers after extraordinary situation is a crowd. Different forms of crowd behavior are named „elemental mass behavior”. Its signs are: tired out plenty of people, simultaneity, irrationality (weakening of conscious control), and also weak structured, that washed out of positional-role structure, typical for normative forms of group behavior (Назаретян, 2001)

Practical lesson №13, question:

1. Basic mechanisms of crowd formation.
2. Features of panicky crowd in an extreme situation.

 

Themes №14

Psychological debriefing (debrief)

Theme’s annotation

Method of work with a group psychical trauma (Бадхен, 2001; Ромек та ін.,2004). It is the form of crisis intervention, especially organized and expressly structured in groups with people who together outlived a catastrophe or tragic event.

Debriefing refers to the measures of urgent psychological help. It is conducted as possibly earlier after an event, sometimes in a few hours or days after a tragedy. It is considered that optimum time for conducting of debriefing – not earlier than 48 hours after an event. To this time the period of the special reactions is completed and participants of events will be in the state in which a capacity for a reflection and self-analysis comes back.

Seminar № 14, questions:

1. General description of debriefing as method of group psychological help.
2. Classification of three parts and seven phases of debriefing.

 

Themes №15

First medical aid a victim in extreme situations

Theme’s annotation

 With the purpose of grant of timely and skilled help not only rescuers but also psychologists must know the receptions and methods of determination of the state and measure of victims injuring (Шойгу и др., 1997)

 Seminar № 15, questions:

1. Features of the first medical aid.
2. Traumas, shots, wounds. First aid.

 

Themes №16

Posttraumatic stress disorder: models and diagnostics

Theme’s annotation

Extraordinary (extreme) situations are characterized, firstly, by extraordinary influence of man’s psyche, which causes traumatic stress. The psychological consequences of traumatic stress in the extreme display are expressed in posttraumatic stressing disorder (PTSD), arising up as the protracted or deferred reaction on the situations related to the serious threat for life or health (Тарабрина, 2001)

 Seminar № 16, questions:

1. Diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic a stress disorder (PTSD).
2. The methods of diagnostics of posttraumatic a stress disorder (PTSD).
3. Psychotherapy - posttraumatic a stress disorder (PTSD). Description of general approaches

Themes №17

Psychologist traits in the center of extreme situation and efficiency of professional activity

Theme’s annotation

It is considered expedient for training of modern psychologist future implementation of professional duties to take into account student’s individually-psychological features during teaching of educational course “Psychological assistance in extraordinary situations”.

Conducting of twelve sets standardized questionnaires for students of fifth course - specialists (psychology faculty and military-psychologists levels) for the study of individual, personality and socially-psychological features is planned. The individually-group method of conducting of testing on every practical course is completed by writing of report about „Personal individually-psychological features”.

Seminar № 17, questions:

1. Individually-group psychodiagnostics. Construction of personal individually- psychological portrait on the basis of self-analysis of twelve tests.

2. Classification of existent psychodiagnostics methods for application in the center of extreme situation. Selection of methods for traditional and visual-diagnostics application with persons which suffered from the consequences of natural, technological, biological-social character.

 

Themes №18

Methods value of psychosomatic health promotion for psychologists as practical workers at the normal and extreme situations of professional activity.

Theme’s annotation

Recently, physicians working in the field of extreme medicine, rescuers, auxiliary personnel of ministries of extraordinary situations become the witnesses of not quite effective work and giving a complex help to the people which suffered from extreme situations. It is saying about the important role of psychologists as practical workers working with people in extreme situations. Often enough at liquidation of consequences of influencing natural, technological, bilogical-social catastrophes remains in the side of conducting of psychological help to the population through the complex of factors. One of which is the insufficient skills by psychologists-practical workers of psychosomatic health promotion methods: psychological self-regulation, self-suggestion, elements of meditation, autosuggestion, classic, eastern massage.

Modern scientific elaborations and a psychologist’s activity in extreme situations were confirmed by efficiency of these methods, that allow quickly to stabilize the state of a victim man, to teach a practicing psychologist to manage personal emotions, diminish negative influence on a psychosomatic health.

Seminar № 18, questions:

1. Conducting of individually-group psychocorrection on the grounds of results psychologists (12 tests).
2. Fixing practical skills of conducting individually-group training with the purpose of increase level of professional qualification.

 

STUDENT’S HOME SELF WORK

Generally to self work of fifth year student’s magistracy is 10 hours or 9 planned lessons in accordance with the curriculum of teaching course „ Psychological assistance in extraordinary situations”.

Seminar № 10

“Psychogeny disorders to and after extreme situations”

            Seminar № 12

“Psychology of terrorism”

  Seminar № 13

“Elemental mass conduct of people in extreme situations”

 Seminar № 14

“Psychological debriefing (debrief)”

 Seminar № 15

“First medical aid a victim in extreme situations”

 Seminar № 16

“Posttraumatic stress disorder: models and diagnostics”

 Seminar № 17

“Psychologist traits in the center of extreme situation and efficiency of professional activity”

Seminar № 18

“Methods value of psychosomatic health promotion for psychologists as practical workers at the normal and extreme situations of professional activity”.

 

TEST QUESTIONS FOR SEMINARS LESSONS

1. 1.        What is the specific character of teaching „Psychological assistance in extraordinary situations” for psychologists, specialists of humanitarian profile?
2. 2.         Did you understand the value of psychologist as a practical worker in the center of extraordinary (extreme situation)?
3. 3.         From what must begin training and self-preparing of psychologist-practical workers with the purpose of professional duties implementation in the center of extraordinary (extreme situation)?
4. 4.         What special teaching literature did you read? What theoretical and practical knowledge you mastered for period of study teaching course „Psychological assistance in extraordinary situations”?
5. 5.         Whether you are ready „hypothetically” to come forward in the role of psychologist-rescuer at extraordinary terms? Were there parallel instances at you at the everyday terms of vital functions?
6. 6.         What do you think about recent socially-psychological situation on Ukraine and other states of world? To give the psychological analysis of safety state on present threats for the vital functions of population.
7. 7.         What lecture or practical course did go down in memory anymore to you? Why? To give the own reflections?
8. 8.         Your suggestions in relation to the prevention of possible terrorist acts, spreading of criminal activity in different regions of world? What is the role of psychologist in the system of international cooperation?
9. 9.         What receptions of giving of first medical aid do you mastered? Were there the cases of your directed actions on medicare to the people?
10. 10.     Your actions as psychologist during the panic crowd behavior, on condition of own presence?

 

CONTROL WORKS OR COMPUTERIZED PRESENTATION THEMES

1. 1.        Work of psychologist in the center of extraordinary (extreme situation).
2. 2.        Urgent psychological assistance  in extraordinary (extreme) situations
3. 3.        Conducting of psychotherapy and prevention in the center of extraordinary (extreme) situation
4. 4.         Recommendations for rescuers, psychologists of working in the center of extraordinary (extreme) situation
5. 5.        Classification of factors caused by extreme situation
6. 6.         Classification of dynamics psychogenic disorders from data of foreign and national specialists
7. 7.        Methods of urgent psychological assistance
8. 8.         Extreme situations(violence) are related to the threat for life 
9. 9.         Psychogenic in extreme situations
10. 10.     Psychogenic disorders to and after extreme situations
11. 11.      Classification of factors of psychical disorders influencing on development and indemnification at extraordinary situations
12. 12.     Psychology of terrorism.
13. 13.     Elemental mass conduct of people in extreme situations.
14. 14.     Psychological debriefing debrief)
15. 15.     First medical aid a victim in extreme situations
16. 16.     Posttraumatic stress disorder: models and diagnostics
17. 17.     Psychologist traits in the center of extreme situation and efficiency of professional activity.
18. 18.     Methods value of psychosomatic health promotion for psychologists as practical workers at the normal and extreme situations of professional activity.

 

QUESTIONS FOR FINAL TEST

1. 1.        Determination of concept is an extraordinary (extreme) situation.
2. 2.        Classifications of extraordinary (extreme) situations.
3. 3.        To give determination of concepts: striking factor of extraordinary situation, area of extraordinary situation, area of infection, center of defeat, estimation of defeat. 
4. 4.         Main principles of urgent psychological assistance.
5. 5.         Basic functions of urgent psychological assistance.
6. 6.         Differences from an ordinary therapeutic situation.
7. 7.          Purpose and task of urgent psychological assistance.
8. 8.         Directions of psychotherapy and prevention for healthy part of population and persons with the developed psychological violations.
9. 9.         Psychotherapy of rescuers.
10. 10.     Purpose „informative therapy”.
11. 11.     Rules of the first psychological aid for rescuers and psychologists.
12. 12.     Factors caused by an extreme situation.
13. 13.     Classification of dynamics of psychogenic disorders from data of foreign and national specialists.
14. 14.     Methods of urgent psychological assistance on an example: delirium, hallucination, apathy, stupor, motive excitations, aggression, hysterics, nervous shaking, weeping, experiencing of violence.
15. 15.     Psychogeny in extreme situations.
16. 16.     Injuring influence on psychical activity of man.
17. 17.     Psychogeny disorders which are observed under time and after extreme situations.
18. 18.     Results of personal individually-psychological portrait. Self-appraisal of strong and weak personality traits.
19. 19.     Estimation of individually-psychological traits (person of same age or senior age) on the basis of the offered 12 tests.
20. 20.     Systematization of the existent standardized questionnaires of personality and visual-diagnostic direction for professional activity of psychologist in the center of extraordinary (extreme) situation.
21. 21.     Methods of psychosomatic health promotion for practicing psychologists, rescuers. Skills of conducting of individually-group psychological self-regulation for the increase of level of professional activity of psychologist.

 

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