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І. Граматичні теми: Gerund.

ІІ. Теми для співбесіди: Organization. Types of Organizations.

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Перекладіть тексти українською мовою і готуйтесь переказувати їх англійською.

What Is an Organization?

An organization is defined as a cooperative social system involving the coordinated efforts of two or more people pursuing a shared purpose. In other words, when people gather and formally agree to combine their efforts for a common purpose, an organization is the result.

There are exceptions, of course, as when two individuals team up to push a car out of a ditch. This task is a one-time effort based on temporary expediency. But if the same two people decide to pool their resources to create a towing service, an organization would be created.

Common Characteristics of Organizations

According to Edgar Schein, a prominent organizational psychologist, all organizations share four characteristics: 1) coordination of effort, 2) common goal or purpose, 3) division of labour, and 4) hierarchy of authority.

Coordination of  Effort. Individuals who join together and coordinate their mental and /or physical efforts can accomplish great and exciting things. Building the great pyramids, conquering polio, sending manned flights to the moon – all these achievements far exceeded the talents and abilities of any single individual. Coordination of effort multiplies individual contributions.

Common Goal or Purpose. Coordination of effort cannot take place unless those who have joined together agree to strive for something of mutual interest. A common goal or purpose gives the organization focus and its members a rallying point.

Division of Labor. By systematically dividing complex tasks into specialized jobs, an organization can use its human resources efficiently. Division of labor permits each organization member to become more proficient by repeatedly doing the same specialized task.

Hierarchy of Authority. According to traditional organization theory, if anything is to be accomplished through formal collective effort, someone should be given the authority to see that the intended goals are carried out effectively and efficiently. Organization theorists have defined authority as the right to direct tha actions of others. Without a clear hierarchy of authority, coordination of effort is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve.

 

ClassifyingOrganizations

 

Because organizations are created to pursue particular purposes, they can be classified accordingly. The classification by organizational purpose has four categories: business, nonprofit service, mutual-benefit and commonweal organizations. Some pf today’s large and complex organizations overlap categories. For example, religious organizations are both nonprofit service organizations and mutual-benefit organizations. Nevertheless, classifying organizations by their purpose helps clarify the variety of roles they play in society and the similar problems shared by organizations with similar purposes.

 

Business Organizations.  Business organizations such as General Mills, South-west Airlines and the

Washington Post all have one underlying purpose: to make a profit in a socially acceptable manner. Businesses can not survive, let alone grow, without earning a profit, and profits are earned by efficiently satisfying demand for products and services. This economic production function is so important to society that many think immediately of business when the word management is mentioned.

 

Nonprofit Service Organizations. Unlike businesses, many organizations survive and even grow, without making any profits at all. They need to be solvent, of course, but they measure their success not in dollars and cents but by how well they provide a specific service for some segment of society. Because the services of nonprofit organizations are usually in great demand, one of their biggest problems lies in screening large numbers of applicants to determine who qualifies for service. Another problem for most nonprofit service organizations is securing a reliable stream of funds through fees, donations, grants, or appropriations. Given today’s limited resources, both provate-sector and public-sector nonprofit service organizations are under pressure to operate more efficiently.

 

Mutual-Benefit Organizations. Mutual-benefit organizations, like all other types of organizations, need to be effectively and efficiently managed if they are to survive. In this instance, survival depends on satisfying member’s needs.

 

Commonweal Organizations. Like nonprofit service organizations, commonweal organizations offer public services without attempting to earn a profit. Nut unlike nonprofit service organizations, which serve some segment of society, a commonweal organization offers standardized service to all members of a given population.

Варіант 1

Grammar

1. 1.         Доповніть речення словами, що дані нижче та вживаючи форму герундія дієслів, що в дужках.

Приклад:         Luke: Would you like a cup of coffee?

Kate: No, thanks. I haven’t had coffee in five years.

Summary: Kate quit drinking coffee five years ago.

1. 2.         Прочитайте речення з вправи № 2 та складіть власні речення щодо даних видів діяльності, використовуючи слова ‘enjoy, do not mind, like, dislike’.
2. 3.         Доповніть речення, вживаючи герундій і прийменники ‘about, of, for, in, on, to, at, after, by, without, with’.
3. 4.         Перекладіть речення на англійську мову, вживаючи герундій.

Vocabulary

1. 5.         Знайдіть до кожного терміна, що ліворуч, визначення.
2. 6.         Доповніть речення, використовуючи слова, що дані нижче.

 

1. 7.         Прочитайте вислів. Перекладіть та напишіть погоджуєтесь ви з ним чи ні. Поясніть свою позицію.

Speaking

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