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Заказ 26239 (300 грн.)« Назад
Заказ 26239 (300 грн.) 17.07.2017 16:36
Unit 2 Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures
I. Comment on the proverbs.
«The squeaky wheel gets the grease». (American proverb) «The nail that stands out gets pounded down». (Japanese proverb) II. Starting up
Answer these questions individually. Then compare your answers with a partner. 1. Do you feel that you belong to an individualistic or collectivistic culture? Why? What are the signs? 2. What do you think determines whether a culture is individualistic or collectivistic? Try to come up with three main points. 3. Do you think Eastern culture is more collectivistic than Western culture? Give reasons for your answer. 4. Are people in collectivistic societies happier than those who live in individualistic societies? Why? Why not? 5. Do societies become individualistic through civilization and modernization? Or are societies more civilized and modernized because they are individualistic? Or is it just a coincidence that most of the wealthiest countries today have individualistic cultures rather than collectivistic? III. Vocabulary Moral Codes
1. Match the words to their meanings.
contempt - a lack of respect for or fear of something that is usually respected or feared
hierarchy - a system in which people or things are placed in a series of levels with different importance or status
divinity - formal study of religion, religious practices, and religious belief
moral code - a series of agreements to which a person has subscribed to guarantee the survival of a group
emotion - a strong feeling (such as love, anger, joy, hate, or fear)
autonomy - the state of existing or acting separately from others
purity - lack of guilt or evil thoughts
community - joint ownership or participation
violation - the act of doing something that is not allowed by a law or rule
sanctity - the quality or state of being holy or sacred 2. Complete the text with with the correct form of the words from Exercise
There are three …..1: community, autonomy, and …..2. …..3 codes are especially important to people in collectivist cultures, whereas …..4 codes are important in individualist cultures. They evoke different …..5. Violation of communal codes, including …..6, evokes …..7; …..8 of the autonomy code (e.g., individual rights) evokes anger. Violation of the divinity code (…..9, …..10) evokes disgust. Data from Japan and the United States support the theory. IV. Key Characteristics of Collectivistic and Individualistic cultures Listening Reading Speaking 1. Listen to the speaker talking about collectivistic and individualistic cultures and create a plan of their analysis. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3b8YcXWkqvo). 3. Read the dialogue and explain what mistake Mr. Patterson has made. Complete the dialogue. 4. Comment the situations.
a) A Saudi working in the United States wakes up ill. He sends his younger brother to work for him that day. The U.S. employer, sends the brother home. What has happened? b) A market research firm conducted a survey of tourist agencies around the world. The questionnaires came back from most countries in less than a month. But the agencies in the Asian countries took months to do it. After many telexes, it was finally done. What was the reason? 5. Using all information given above create simulations for hiring employees in the collectivistic and individualistic cultures. Recognize how differences between these cultures may play out in interviewing situations. Adapt interview questions so that people from both individualistic and collectivist cultures feel comfortable answering. VI. Self-Assessment Multiple Choice Tasks
1. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence. 2. According to Hofstede's research ________. A. individualist cultures give higher priority to personal as opposed to group goals and needs than do collectivist cultures B. "responsibility," "loyalty," and "commitment" reflect collectivist cultural values C. individualist cultures are superior to collectivist cultures D. both A and B
3. Values are: ________. A. a learned set of enduring values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by an identifiable, large group of people with a common history B. the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking or behavior. C. what a person thinks is true or probable. D. a group of people who live in a dominant culture yet remain connected to another cultural heritage
4. In a country that emphasizes collectivism, ________. A. the interests of the individual are more important than the interests of the state B. one person or political party exercises absolute control over the political and economic systems C. the needs of society and the needs of individuals are treated as equally important D. the needs of society take precedence over individual freedoms
5. In an individualistic culture, members often believe ________. A. people should care for extended family before themselves. B. their primary responsibility is helping themselves. C. age, group security, tradition, and hierarchy are most important. D. in an emphasis on belonging to a very few permanent in-groups.
6. A culture that feels loyalties and obligations to an in-group such as one's extended family, community, or even the organization one works for is ________. A. an individualistic culture. B. an in-group. C. a collectivist culture. D. an out-group.
7. People in collectivist cultures tend to have ________ than do those in individualistic cultures. A. more independent selves B. more intimate relationships with friends C. greater skills in entering new social groups D. greater skills in leaving social groups
8. Political systems based on the ________ paradigm, such as those of Japan and China, accept the principle that government may intervene to ensure that business practices benefit society. A. individualistic B. collectivistic C. pluralistic D. laissez-faire
9. Proponents of ________ argue that individual interests are not as important as the welfare of the group. A. pluralism B. capitalism C. collectivism D. individualism
10. An individualist culture promotes ________. A. benevolence. B. tradition. C. competition. D. conformity.
11. In an individualist culture, members are ________. A. responsible for themselves and perhaps their immediate family. B. comprised of many people doing their own thing. C. individuals. D. are responsible for only themselves.
12. In a collectivist culture members are ________. A. responsible for themselves. B. collectors. C. responsible for the entire group. responsible for themselves and perhaps their immediate family.
13. People from individualistic cultures, like Canada and the United States, tend to express their emotions ______ than in collectivist cultures. A. more openly B. more privately C. more quietly D. more aggressively
14. The emphasis on individualism in the United States results in all of the following disadvantages except: ______. A. managers tend to develop good general skills but lack the company-specific experience. B. difficulty in building teams within an organization to perform collective tasks. C. executives are not exposed to different ways of doing business. D. difficulty to achieve cooperation both within a company and between companies.
15. Employer-employee relationships in individualistic cultures tend to be based on ______. A. team success B. hierarchical respect C. mutual advantage D. familial belonging
2. Select the best possible answer out of the choices from a list.
1. Which of the following country tends to value individualism over collectivism? A. Mexico B. India C. United States D. Japan
2. Which culture has traditionally valued the wisdom that comes with age? A. American B. British C. European D. Asian
3. Which of the following countries has an individualistic orientation? A. Venezuela B. Japan C. Egypt D. Canada
4. Which of the following countries has a collectivist orientation? A. Canada B. Australia C. Japan D. Netherlands
5. Which of the following is not characteristic of individualist/collectivist culture A. self-promotion is encouraged in collectivist cultures B. a low-context communication style is typical of individualist cultures C. public-speaking skills are perceived as useful in an individualist culture D. harmony is highly valued in collectivist cultures
True/False Task
1. All human beings share the goals of both autonomy and belonging, only to different degrees. A. True B. False 2. People from individualistic cultures tend to use self-enhancing biases to distinguish themselves from others. A. True B. False 3. Individualistic cultures deny that any sort of society exists and refuse to believe that people benefit from living in them. A. True B. False 4. Individualists tend to make an extra effort to demonstrate their self-importance by focusing on securing relationships with superiors and inferiors, ignoring their peers. A. True B. False 5. Collectivistic societies do not deny the reality of the individual, but believe that his or her identity is determined by the groups with which the individual interacts. A. True B. False 6. Since collectivistic cultures encourage teamwork, each individual member feels sufficiently protected to take professional risks and to speak his or her mind without caution. A. True B. False 7. The only way to reach a deal when negotiating with persons from collectivistic cultures is to pressure them to speed up the process. A. True B. False 8. Executives from collectivistic cultures are more willing to give priority to organization goals over personal goals. A. True B. False |