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1. 1.              Переклад жаргону

For a very long time a part of the linguists have tried to ignore the existence of slang, jargons and swearing, but in fact it is a big and integral part of the language changing and expanding very fast. The presence of colloquial language indicates that the language is alive. However, this is also the issue of the language purism; of course, there are situations when the forbidden words should not be used.

Why people use slang, jargon and swearing? What are the main reasons for using words which we consider to be a taboo? How to make the right choice in target translation?  To answer these questions there was put forward the aim of the research: to find out if taboo words should be censored in translation and what are the best ways to cope with it.

In the studied literature scientists taboo words also call “forbidden words”, “bad language” or “youth language”. Usually when a person is in the transition process between the adult and a child, he emphasizes the taboo words in use to become noticed. Young people show their protest against the norms of society through their style, attitude, music, language. Therefore, bad language in the majority cases is associated with the youth. Some people feel and behave as an adolescent even much longer, depending on many factors. Also the adults often use the “youth language” to be closer to the conversation partner.

Do we need to protect our readers and listeners from this “bad language” or should we keep the style of the author when translating the source text in a target language? The source texts are very different and sometimes the word choice is a challenge. Therefore, the following research methods were used to find out the situation: study of the literature; a survey among the philology, pedagogy and translatalogy students, the seasonal translators and the experts in linguistics. The survey reflects the people’s opinion whether they would like to read target text with taboo words.

Often people mix slang and jargon, although in general they feel the difference of swearing.

The word jargon probably derives from the same source as gargle, namely Indo European gargle- meaning ‘throat’ and originally it referred to any noise made in the throat. Jargon is a language peculiar to a trade, profession or other group (..) dealing with a circumscribed domain in which speakers share common specialized vocabulary, habits of word usage, and forms of expression (Burridge, Allan, 2006; ).

The line of demarcation between jargon and slang is open to dispute because slang is sometimes defined in such way as to overlap almost completely with the definition of jargon. The Oxford English Dictionary entry for slang includes the fallowing: the special vocabulary of phraseology of a particular calling or profession; the cant or jargon of certain class or period. (Burridge, Allan, 2006). It means that basically slang is a subgroup under the jargon.

Jargon does not ipso facto include swearing; although someone using jargon may as well swear. Slang also does not necessarily include swearing, but as a matter of practice it often and perhaps usually does. At least part of the reason is that both slang and (profane) swearing are highly colloquial varieties of language (Burridge, Allan, 2006).

When translating taboo words, both linguistic and ethical aspects should be observed as a translator has to take responsibility for rendering the source text into the target language being loyal to the author and meeting readers’ expectations as well as select the most appropriate reference sources to fulfill the given task.

Translator’s responsibility. The person who undertakes a role of mediator has to be extremely intelligent and considerate. The translators’ task is to correct the source text mistakes and simultaneously to keep the author’s style of the original. It is highly difficult and responsible work. It always depends on the situation, on the text type, on the consumer wishes, and many more factors. Basically the aim is to create an equivalent text in the target language without being visible, but at the same time being responsible for it.

Informative texts in a sense are easier transferable into the target language than the expressive texts, because they have a certain form. In addition, the terminology and sentence structure are similar. But the expressive texts include a huge part of diverse terminology, any kind of words and sentences. Every translator sooner or later faces a problem of translating taboo words. And the choice is crucial at this very moment. The translator has to evaluate all the factors and circumstances of the source text. It is much more difficult for the interpreters, when they have extremely little time to make a decision.

The task of the translator to some extent is even more difficult than being an author. Of course, both the original and the translation can be improved continuously. But the author knows what he wants to say and he does it. The translator has to guess what the author wanted to say and to unite it with the expectations of readers. Basically he has to have a very good intuition and to have a talent. Sometimes he has to translate taboo words literary, sometimes he has to replace them with euphemism or even omit them.

 Meeting Expectations of Target Readers. When we talk about the technique the translator should use in a particular situation, the main purpose of the translation process is the target reader. He determines what he wants to receive. As a result, the translator has not only to guess the expectations and needs of the target readers, but also to maintain the message of the author. It was very interesting to find out what the society thinks about the translated taboo words.

          There was conducted a survey among the philology, pedagogy and translatalogy students, the seasonal translators and the experts in linguistics, which reflects the people’s opinion whether they would like to read target text with taboo words. 50 respondents took part in the survey: 12 experts and 38 students. In our high technology century mass media reflects the language we use the best. It embraces all the spheres starting from the movies about life and ending with the litigation. 95% of the respondents answered that they watch translated television broadcast (films, shows, etc.). We live in a democratic country where the freedom of word exists. However, it can not be referred to everything in all situations. On the one hand, we have democracy, on the other – the human rights we may not breached. It depends on the situation context.

The opinions about the taboo words differ from highly positive to extremely negative. The fact is that people use taboo words in many life spheres. But the majority of respondents (52% of students; 50% of experts) answered that taboo words are acceptable in the colloquial speech.

However, in the intercultural communication to overcome the language barrier people use the translators, interpreters or sometimes just a dictionary. But anyway the problem of the transference of some words arises.

 The respondents divide into three groups – on the one hand, people who use taboo words and think it is good and necessary, on the other hand, people who think it is not acceptable for tem and they do not want to hear taboo words anywhere, and the third is the group do not use taboo words, but they are neutral to them. 33% of the experts said that they use taboo words, but 52% of the students admitted that sometimes they use taboo words.

In time when interlinguistic impact is widely spread, it is normal that many words nowadays are loanwords. Many slang loanwords can be found in Latvian. The loanwords from the German (kisens, hūte, kaput, deķis, ķēķis, mutere, fāters, etc.) and the Russian (ķipa, duraks, tačka, stučīt, burlaks, čajoks, etc.) languages are the dominant, but nowadays the language has a tendency to adapt English words - beibe, flajers, lūzeris, glamūrs, teibls, feiss, flauvers, drinks, kreizī etc. The sphere which takes the greatest part of the loans is information technologies – kompjūters, serveris, saits, links, monitors, etc. The big part respondents’ attitude towards the loan taboo words is neutral (49% of students; 17% of expets), or better than translated taboo words).

However, majority of the students think that swearing should be left in the original language, but 50% of the experts support the translation option).

Important is also the opinion of society about the issue of translation of taboo words. 67% of the experts think that it is useful to try to translate swearing in Latvian. However 43% of the students think it is not necessary to translate swearing words.

But the majority of both experts and students (67% and 61%) consider the translation of slang and jargon positive and necessary.

The difference between the attitude of students and of experts can be seen in the issue of translation of swearing and issue of loanwords. Also the attitude towards this survey was different. The students were a bit superficial, but the experts were interested in this issue and expressed their opinion enthusiastic. Some of them mentioned that there are no taboo words in linguistics. It just the matter of taboo topics.

However, if the translator decides that he has to transfer the particular taboo word, again he faces the problem of equivalent word in target language. In general dictionaries one can not find much slang, jargon or swearing words translation. For example, word dipshit can not be found in an ordinary dictionary. But in “Angļu-latviešu necenzētās leksikas skaidrojošā vārdnīca” (2003) the following explanation is given: dumjš, neaudzināts cilvēks. In online Urban dictionary: a despised person; a moron; an ineffectual person; one with a habit of being wrong, loudly and often.  This situation has two sides. On the one hand, it is good, because children do not find and use them. As well it probably would complicate the general use of the dictionary. On the other hand, it creates difficulties to find the appropriate equivalent to the taboo words for a translator or a person who reads a book in a foreign language. This person needs to buy a special dictionary in order to translate this word. In addition, there are comparatively few dictionaries of translated taboo words. As O. Bušs (2005) notes, in Latvia the records of development of the taboo words have been started to take in 1980s, in comparison with Germany where it is started already in the 17th century. 

1. 2.    Порівняльний аналіз вживання прийменників «в/у» та «in/at» в українській та англійській мовах.
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EDUCATION SYSTEM IN UKRAINE.