Заказ 3571 (90 грн.) 28.09.2013 20:38
Контрольна робота № 4
Варіант 5
1. Прочитайте поданий нижче текст. Дайте письмовий переклад 1,2, 7 та 8 абзаців.
Economic Fairness and the Distribution of Economic Rewards
(1) The central task of any economy is providing for and enhancing the material
well-being of those who live within it. There are two aspects to this task: the
production of more and better goods and services, and the distribution of those goods
and services in a fair manner.
(2) In a market economy some are rewarded handsomely while others are perhaps
not rewarded at all. How a society is to deal with those who are, in a sense, outside of the economic system is one of the pressing problems of our era, our economy, and our society.
(3) Notice that the percentage of aggregate income received by each fifth of the
population is relatively constant through time. This stability or constancy is one of
the surprising facts about the U.S. economy: the distribution of income has been
relatively stable for a long time. Indeed, inequality in income, as measured this way,
is about the same now as it was just following World War II. France and the United
States appeared to have the greatest inequality in the distribution of income when
compared with other industrialized nations.
(4) There will, of course, always be bottom 20 or 10 or 5 percent of any distribution.
Suppose, for example, that every family's real income quadrupled in the next year.
Would it be useful to think of the bottom of the distribution as a group in poverty?
For example, „A family is in poverty if its income is less than one-half the median
income."
(5) Who are the poor? Using the U.S. Government's definition of poverty, the
percentage of black persons below the poverty line, although declining since 1964.
remains above 35 percent. Similarly, about 35 percent of those families headed by
women are below the official poverty line.
(6) It should be clear that differences in individual characteristics are closely
associated with differences in income.
(7) Earnings differ because of the lack of mobility. Lack of mobility may occur
because individuals choose not to make changes in order to increase their earnings;
because individuals are not allowed to make changes in order to increase their
earnings (for instance, discrimination); or because individuals have abilities that
differ which cannot be easily obtained by others who would like to increase their
earnings (special talents). A tax is proportional if persons with higher incomes pay
the same fraction of their income in taxes as do persons with lower incomes. A tax is
progressive if persons with higher incomes pay a higher fraction of their income in
taxes than do persons with lower incomes.
(8) Transfers, in turn, may also be either progressive (transfers to those lower
incomes) or regressive (transfers to those with higher incomes). In addition, transfers
may be in cash or in goods and services. The latter are referred to as in-kind transfers.
(9) There are two ideas behind the negative income tax proposed to which
economists are strongly attached. First, once a society has made a decision to transfer
income to the poor, it is better for the poor if the transfer is in cash rather than in-
kind. Second, once a society has made the decision to transfer income to the poor, it
is better for the poor if the transfer system provides positive incentives to increase
transfer plus market income in the market. Put simply, "Give cash and give it in such a way that the recipient always has incentive to work".
- 2. Дайте анотацію поданого вище тексту (150 слів).
The title of the text reveals its main theme. It is the Economic Fairness and the Distribution of Economic Rewards. There are some problems that concern economy, market economy, and earnings in this text. The main question that is to be solved is that in a market economy some are rewarded handsomely while others are perhaps
not rewarded at all. Earnings differ because of the lack of mobility. Lack of mobility may occur because individuals choose not to make changes in order to increase their earnings; because individuals are not allowed to make changes in order to increase their earnings (for instance, discrimination); or because individuals have abilities that
differ which cannot be easily obtained by others who would like to increase their
earnings (special talents). The main terms found in the text are: economy, market economy, poverty, proportional tax, progressive tax, mobility, transfers.
The main idea of the text is the central task of any economy is providing for and enhancing the material well-being of those who live within it.
- 3. Дайте письмову відповідь на наступні питання.
a. What is the central task of any economy?
b. What family lives in poverty?
с What is a proportional tax?
d. What is a progressive tax?
e. What is a lack of mobility?
f. Is there any difference between cash transfers and in-kind transfers?
4. Завершіть подані нижче речення своїми словами.
a. Economists study
b. A person is 'economically free' if he ...
с. Complete economic freedom of action can create great difficulties. If citizens were completely free, some landowners ...
d. Complete economic freedom of action can create great difficulties. If factory-
owners were completely free, some might …
e. Complete economic freedom of action can create great difficulties. If workers were
completely free, they might not work at all.
5. Запишіть наступні речення. Поставте їх в непряму мову. Пам'ятайте
про правило узгодження часів. Перекладіть змінені речення.
"Не was very polite and promised to do what he could for us," said one of the
tenants. -
"They should put traffic lights here, otherwise there'll be more accidents," she
said.
"It's time we began training for our next match," the coach said to them.
"If you leave home at six, you will be here by nine," he said to me.
"We've been waiting since 6 o'clock," she said.
6. Запишіть наступні речення. Поставте їх в непряму мову. Пам'ятайте
про правило узгодження часів. Перекладіть змінені речення.
7. Запишіть наступні речення (накази, прохання, запрошення). Поставте їх
в непряму мову. Пам'ятайте про правило узгодження часів. Перекладіть
змінені речення.
8. Запишіть наступні речення (Conditionals І), розкриваючи дужки.
Речення перекладіть.
9. Запишіть наступні речення (Conditionals II), розкриваючи дужки.
Речення перекладіть.
10. Запишіть наступні речення (ConditionalsIII), розкриваючи дужки.
Речення перекладіть.
11. Запишіть наступні речення. Перекладіть їх англійською мовою.
