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Inflation

(1) Most people associate inflation with price increases on specific goods and
services. The economy is not necessarily experiencing an inflation, however, every time the price of a cup of coffee goes up. We must be careful to distinguish the phenomenon of inflation from price increases for specific goods. Inflation is an increase in the average level of prices, not a change in any specific price.

(2)We first determine the average price of all output - the average price level - then
look for changes in that average. A rise in the average price is referred to as inflation.

(3)The average price level may fall as well as rise. A decline in average prices - a
deflation - occurs when price decreases on some goods and services outweigh price
increases on all others. Relative price is the price of one good in comparison with the price of other goods.

(4)Because inflation and deflation are measured in terms of average price levels, it
is possible for individual prices to rise or fall continuously without changing the
average price level. Nominal income is the amount of money you receive in a
particular time period; it is measured in current dollars. Real income, by contrast, is the purchasing power of that money, as measured by the quantity of goods and
services your dollars will buy. If the number of dollars you receive every year is
always the same, your nominal income doesn't change - but your real income will
rise or fall with price changes.

(5)There are two basic lessons about inflation to be learned:

—   Not all prices rise at the same rate during an inflation. Typically, some
prices rise very rapidly, others only modestly, and still others not at all.

Not everyone suffers equally from inflation. Those people who consume the
goods and services that are rising faster in price bear a greater burden of
inflation; their real incomes fall more. Other consumers bear a lesser
burden, or even none at all, depending on how fast the prices rise for the
goods they enjoy.

(6)Money illusion is the use of nominal dollars rather than real dollars to gauge
changes in one's income or wealth.

(7)The most common measure of inflation is the Consumer price Index (CPI). As its name suggests, the CPI is a mechanism for measuring changes in the average price of consumer goods and services.

(8)     Inflation Rate is the annual rate of increase in the average price level.

(9) Price stability is the absence of significant changes in the average price level;
officially defined as a rate of inflation of less than 3 percent. Our goal of «full»
employment is defined as the lowest rate of unemployment consistent with stable
prices.

(10)The most familiar form of inflation is called demand-pull inflation. Demand-pull inflation is an increase in the price level initiated by excessive aggregate demand. The name suggests that demand is pulling the price level. If the demand for goods and services rises faster than production, there simply won't be enough goods and services to go around.

(11)Cost-push inflation is an increase in the price level initiated by an increase in
the cost of production. In 1979, for example, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) sharply increased the price of oil. For domestic
producers, this action meant a significant increase in the cost of producing goods and services. Accordingly, domestic producers could no longer afford to sell goods at prevailing prices. They had to raise prices. The result was a cost-push inflation.

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