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Contents

INTRODUCTION.. 3

PREAMBLE  TO THE 1 PART. 4

1. GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES AND THEIR TRANSLATION.. 5

1.1. Problem of defining a proper name. 5

1.2. Official geographical names. 9

1.3. Native and Anglicised forms of geographical names. 26

1.4. Orthography. 29

CONCLUSION TO THE 1 PART. 31

PREAMBLE TO THE 2 PART. 34

PART 2. WAYS OF RENDERING OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 35

2.1. Translation of the generic geographical names. 35

2.2. Non-translation of the specific geographical names. 37

2.3. Reproduction of names of the countries and cities. 37

2.4. Reproduction  of names of regions. 39

2.4.1. Administrative unites. 40

2.4.2. Traditional geographical names. 41

2.4.3. Officially designated development areas. 42

2.5. Reproduction of names of rivers, seas, lakes and straits. 42

2.6. Reproduction of names of mountains. 43

2.7. Reproduction  of names of islands. 44

2.8. Reproduction  of names of valleys. 44

2.9. Reproduction  of compass points. 45

CONCLUSION TO THE 2 PART. 46

CONCLUSION.. 47

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES. 49

SUMMARY.. 52